Horizonte Sanitario is a publication published since 2002 by the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. It publishes articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish on topics related to Public Health Sciences and Health Administration in the form of editorials, review articles and originals (scientific research products). The journal is freely accessible and does not charge authors for submission or publication.
Loneliness and life satisfaction in institutionalized older adults
Objective: To examine, within a group of older adults, the relationship between the frequency of visits received, the length of stay in the institution, and the levels of loneliness and life satisfaction. Material and Methods: A quantitative approach was adopted, employing a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. A non-probabilistic sampling method was used to study 25 elderly residents of a care facility in Carmona (Seville, Span). Data collection included interviews, review of social records, the Life Satisfaction Scale, and a version of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Results: Findings indicated moderate levels of both loneliness and life satisfaction. Loneliness was inversely correlated with the duration of institutionalization. No significant relationship was found between the number of visits received and perceived loneliness; however, a positive association was observed between the frequency of maintained contacts and the level of life satisfaction. Conclusion: The study concluded that family support did not show a clear influence on levels of loneliness or life satisfaction. These results underscore the need for further research on this topic and the importance of considering other determinants of well-being, such as relationships with healthcare staff and interactions with other residents. Keywords: Life satisfaction; Loneliness; Institutionalization; Social support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Horizonte Sanitario https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sociodemographic factors associated with quality of life in Mexican older adults with type 2 diabetes
Objective: To evaluate the sociodemographic factors associated with quality of life in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: This is an analytical and cross-sectional study in 251 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) who are users of three day care centers for the elderly in Hidalgo, Mexico. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained with a general data questionnaire. The WHOQOL-BREF instrument was used to assess Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in four domains. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios, adjusted for confounding variables. Results: The dimensions with the highest proportion of deficient HRQoL were psychological health (20.7%) and physical health (19.1%). Older adults, with low education, without a partner or who lived alone, and those who had two or more comorbidities showed a higher probability of deficient HRQoL. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of older adults with T2D have deficient HRQoL, particularly in the physical and psychological areas. Sociodemographic factors such as advanced age, low educational level, and living alone have a negative influence on HRQoL. These results consolidate the importance of implementing comprehensive interventions that address both clinical and social factors in the care of this population. Keywords: Aged; Social factors; Quality of life.
Edith Araceli Edith Araceli Canon Estrada
Regional patterns and associated factors of self-medication in Peru: analysis of a national survey
Objective. To assess the factors associated with self-medication across Peru’s macroregions using data from the National Health User Satisfaction Survey 2016 (ENSUSALUD 2016). Materials and methods. To assess the factors associated with self-medication across Peru’s macroregions using data from the National Health User Satisfaction Survey 2016 (ENSUSALUD 2016). Results. Self-medication was most frequent in the Eastern macroregion (82.3%). In the Northern macroregion, lower prevalence was associated with having secondary (aPR: 0.83) or higher education (aPR: 0.80), affiliation with the Comprehensive Health Insurance (aPR: 0.85) or EsSalud (aPR: 0.86), purchasing antibiotics (aPR: 0.80) and knowledge of the duration of the treatment (aPR: 0.52-0.54). Higher prevalence of self-medication was associated with having private insurance (aPR: 1.21), being convalescent, retired or a domestic worker (aPR: 1.91), and knowledge of drug dosage (aPR: 4.50-4.78). Conclusions. Regional variations were identified across the Central, Southern, Eastern and Lima Metropolitana macroregions, associated with sociodemographic and knowledge differences. These findings highlight the need to implement region-specific interventions to promote safe and rational medicine use. Keywords: Self-medication; Associated factors; Prescription; Peru; Antibiotics
Characterization of the hematological profile of patients with suspected dengue in a Mexican population
Objective: To analyze and compare the hematological profile of patients with positive and negative diagnoses for dengue. Materials and methods: Sixty-six samples from patients with febrile syndrome were retrospectively analyzed, classified according to molecular detection of the dengue virus, recorded in SPSS software version 25, applying measures of central tendency. Results: A mean of 37 years was found, the different viral variables of dengue were obtained, in terms of the hematological profile, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were found, showing a significance between patients with positive and negative tests. It was observed that the mean of positive patients was below the minimum limit of the normal range, in contrast to the group of negative patients. Conclusions: The clinical importance of determining the hematological profile in patients with dengue should be considered, since diagnostic confirmation alone does not guide comprehensive patient management to establish an adequate prognosis. The analysis of hematological profiles is of vital importance for decisions in clinical practice, given that hemodynamic values are altered during infection. Keywords: Dengue; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Hematology.
Association of social pressure and drug use among Mexican young adults
Objective: To analyze the association between perceived social pressure and the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in young people. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 885 university students of both sexes, selected using probabilistic sampling, aged between 18 and 25 years. Data collection involved a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Perceived Social Pressure Questionnaire, and a screening instrument for involvement with the consumption of legal and illegal substances. Results: The young people reported higher alcohol consumption (78.4%), followed by marijuana use (18.1%). Regarding risk level, 19.4% presented moderate risk associated with alcohol use, 10.8% showed this level for tobacco use, and 5.9% for illegal drugs. Men reported higher scores on perceived social pressure (p<.05). Logistic regression models were significant for both legal and illegal substance use (p<.05). Conclusions: Perceived social pressure was associated with drug use among university students. Based on these results, it is suggested that prevention strategies be implemented focusing on strengthening coping skills in the face of social, family, and environmental situations that university students perceive as facilitating drug use. Key Words: Alcohol drinking, Tobacco Use, Young adult.
Sleep Quality, Emotional Exhaustion, and Academic Performance in Health Sciences Students
Objective: To analyze the association between sleep quality and academic performance in Health Sciences students, examining the mediating role of emotional fatigue in this relationship. Materials and Methods: This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and analytical-correlational study. A total of 286 students (149 women and 137 men) from the Health Sciences Division of the Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo participated, with an average age of 22.56 years (SD ± 1.72). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Emotional Fatigue Scale, and the College Academic Performance Scale were applied. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlations, ANOVA, and a structural equation model. Results: 65.73% of the students reported sleeping between 4 and 6 hours per night. Poor sleep quality was positively and significantly associated with emotional fatigue (λ = 0.56), explaining 36.5% of its variability (R² = .365). Emotional exhaustion, in turn, was negatively related to academic performance (λ = -0.49), explaining 34.9% of its variance (R² = .349). The structural model showed an adequate fit (CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.06). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality increases emotional fatigue and reduces academic performance in university students. Emotional exhaustion acts as a mediating variable in this relationship. It is recommended to implement institutional strategies to promote healthy sleep habits and effective management of academic stress. Keywords: Sleep quality; Academic performance; Emotional exhaustion; Students.
Social support and medication adherence in Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes
Objective: To analyze the relationship between social support and medication adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the outpatient department of a secondary care hospital in Mexico City between July 2024 and January 2025. The study included 264 adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who had received pharmacological treatment for at least 6 months. The Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey (MOS) was used to identify social support, and the 4-item Morisky-Green-Levine Questionnaire was used to assess medication adherence. Results: Overall, 37.5% of participants had low medication adherence. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with low overall social support were more likely to be nonadherent to their medication (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.57–4.77). Specifically, significant associations were identified between nonadherence and low levels of instrumental support (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.00–2.91), positive social interaction (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.10–3.16), and affective support (aOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.07–3.05). In the sex-stratified analysis, the magnitude of the association was stronger in women (aOR = 5.23; 95% CI: 1.92–14.19) than in men (aOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.03–4.24). Conclusion: Insufficient social support was associated with lower medication adherence, especially in women. Incorporating strategies that strengthen social support could improve treatment efficacy in T2D. Keywords: Social support; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Medication adherence.
Intoxicación por barbitúricos, una mirada toxicológica.
Introducción: Los barbitúricos son depresores no selectivos del sistema nervioso central desplazados como hipnosedantes por el mejor índice riesgo- beneficio de las benzodiacepinas. En la actualidad sus principales usos son en la anestesia y para el tratamiento de la epilepsia. Su consumo con fines suicidas continúa, y debido a lo inespecífico del inicio de su sintomatología, las intoxicaciones pueden resultar fatales. Objetivos: Actualizar los conocimientos acerca de las características desde el punto de vista toxicológico de las intoxicaciones por barbitúricos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio donde se aplicó el método cualitativo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre el tema en fuentes de datos digitales. Se usaron los descriptores DeCs-MeSH: intoxicaciones, barbitúricos, tratamientos, hemoperfusión, toxicología. Se revisaron artículos publicados sobre el tema, a través de los buscadores habituales (Google, PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo, entre otros), teniendo en cuenta la calidad y la actualidad de ellos. Resultados: Tanto las dosis tóxicas como el comportamiento toxicocinético de estos fármacos son variables y dependen sobre todo del grupo al cual pertenezcan. Las intoxicaciones más frecuenten están relacionadas con los barbitúricos de acción prolongada. Debido a su alta liposolubilidad, los de acción ultracorta, pueden quedar acumulados en el tejido adiposo y al movilizarse estas reservas pueden ser fuente de toxicidad. Aunque no son comunes también hay que tener en cuenta la posible existencia de metabolitos activos. Conclusiones: Estos son fármacos en desuso debido a su estrecho margen terapéutico, la elevada dependencia y posterior tolerancia que provoca un aumento potencial de su toxicidad. Aun así, acompañados de una debida monitorización, pueden emplearse en situaciones concretas. Desafortunadamente todavía se producen numerosas muertes por sobredosis accidentales o con fines suicidas.
Effect of Low-Trans Margarine Consumption on Insulin Function
Objective: The present study analyzed the effect of a diet with a margarine content of 52% (final concentrations of trans fats 0.104%; saturated fats 9.36%; total fats 31.2%) on the development of insulin resistance. Materials and methods: A paired clinical study was conducted in a group of 11 Wistar rats fed a standard diet (23% protein, 3% fat, 6% fiber) and then fed a diet containing 52% trans-fat low margarine, 26% carbohydrates (provided by oat flour) and 12% protein, for 8 weeks. In both conditions, each Wistar rat was tested for insulin resistance. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for both diets. Results: The consumption of a diet with a high content of margarine low in trans fats increases the effect of insulin, favoring the decrease in glucose concentration in a statistically significant way (standard diet 9179 vs margarine diet low in trans fats 6663 p=0.0001). Conclusions: Consuming a diet rich in trans-fat low-margarine promotes insulin action. Keywords: Low trans-fat margarine; Insulin resistance; Wistar rats.
Effect of health warnings and cigarette advertising on Cuban university students and workers
Objective: To identify differences in prevalence and addiction to tobacco use among University students and staff in Pinar del Río and Havana, in health sciences and other disciplines; to describe the effectiveness of health warnings and to characterize the advertising tactics directed at the studied populations. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, using bibliographic, documentary, and social media review; survey and observation. Quantitative data were systematized in SPSS version 25 and descriptive statistics were used. Results: Risk and addiction severity profiles vary between institutions. Health sciences students in Havana show an earlier onset of addiction than those in other disciplines, and workers from other disciplines in Pinar del Río exhibit greater chronicity and severity. Contextual and gender differences are observed. The ineffectiveness of textual health warnings is present across the entire population, although comprehension and credibility are high. Tobacco industry marketing tactics target vulnerable youth populations. Conclusions: Cuba's adherence to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is insufficient in its practical implementation (Articles 11 and 13). The effectiveness of textual warnings is limited or nonexistent for cessation. Marketing bans are easily circumvented through free distribution and digital channels. A differentiated approach by territory, adoption of graphic health warnings, and control of advertising are required. Keywords: Duty to Warn; Cigarettes; Smoking Prevention; Economy; Workers; University.
Association between time to pregnancy and occupational exposure in female dentists: a retrospective Cohort Study
Objective: Determine the association between occupational exposure and time to pregnancy (TTP) in a group of female dentists. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort design was employed with a sample of 1,200 Mexican women: 600 dentists and 600 teachers. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire that included reproductive history, occupational exposure and personal habits. TTP was analysed using survival-analysis techniques and Cox proportional-hazards models. Results: Female dentists exhibited a mean TTP of 4,3 months, significantly longer than the teachers’ mean of 2,3 months (p < 0,001). Significant associations were identified between prolonged TTP and factors such as irregular menstruation, exposure to X-rays and tobacco use. Conclusions. These findings support the use of TTP as a sensitive indicator of reproductive health in occupational settings and suggest its incorporation into occupational-health surveillance programmes. Keywords: Occupational Exposure; Time to Pregnancy; Female Dentists.
Exclusive breastfeeding and its association with knowledge, attitudes, practices and support network
Objective: To determine the association between exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and the levels of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and support networks among lactating women. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Family Medicine Unit No. 57 of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in Puebla. Lactating women were included, and data were collected on age, number of children, marital status, education level, occupation, and socioeconomic status. The frequency of EBF was determined using the CAP (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices) Questionnaire. The support network was assessed using the Duke-UNC Social Support Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the association between EBF and the variables of interest was evaluated using the chi-square test, with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 in SPSS v22. Results: 184 women were breastfeeding, median age 27 years (20-40), 42.9% (n=79) with 2 children, 41.8% (n=77) lived with a partner, 38.6% (n=71) studied high school, 39.1% (n=72) attended household chores, 54.9% (n=101) had a medium socioeconomic level and 26.6% (n=49). 85.9% (n=158) had a high level of knowledge, 54.9% (n=101) had an indifferent attitude, and 88% (n=162) reported adequate breastfeeding. 73.9% (n=136) had good confidential support, 76.1% (n=140) had good affective support. There was no association between SCI and knowledge, attitudes, practices, and support networks. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding was low despite high levels of knowledge, practices, and support networks. More than half of the mothers demonstrated an indifferent attitude in the population studied. Keywords: Breast Feeding; Knowledge; Prevalence; Social support.
Health literacy and prenatal empowerment as predictors of Prenatal Care Adherence
Objective: To evaluate the predictive power of prenatal empowerment and maternal health literacy variables on adherence to prenatal care. Materials and methods: The study used a predictive design for the dependent variable adherence to prenatal care. The population consisted of pregnant adult women in their third trimester of pregnancy. The sample included 233 participants who were selected at convenience in public health institutions offering prenatal care services in the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua. The measurement instruments used were the Maternal Health Literacy in Pregnancy inventory (MHELIP); the Pregnancy Empowerment Scale (PRES); and an activity compliance index to measure adherence to prenatal care. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the information. This study respected the human rights of the participants, ensuring data reliability, anonymity, and preservation of dignity and freedom to withdraw at any time. Results: 233 pregnant women participated in the study. 81.1% of the women in the study presented strong prenatal empowerment, while 37.8% had a sufficient level of maternal health literacy. The mean adherence to prenatal care was 11.24 (SD= 2.14), on a maximum of 16 points. The model was significant (F (2,230) =10.66, R2=.07, p=.00). Predictor variables for adherence to prenatal care were maternal health literacy (B=.21, p=.00) and prenatal empowerment (B=.15, p=.01). Conclusions: Pregnant women who presented higher maternal health literacy and prenatal empowerment presented higher adherence to prenatal care. Key words: Health literacy; Empowerment; Pregnancy; Prenatal care.
Factors related to contraceptive behavior among socially disadvantaged adolescents in southwestern Mexico
Objective: To determine the direct and indirect effects between individual background (sex, gender violence), social background (occupation), information background (contraceptive knowledge), attitudes toward contraceptive use, peer norms toward sexuality, contraceptive self-efficacy, and intention toward contraceptive use with contraceptive behavior of socially disadvantaged adolescents. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional correlational-predictive study was conducted in 247 sexually active adolescents, residents of socially underprivileged communities in the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero, Mexico. A structural equation model was developed using AMOS version 23 statistical software. Results: The adjusted model explained 19% of the variance, where positive attitudes towards contraceptive use (β=.22, p<.01), intention to use contraception (β=.22, p<.001), contraceptive self-efficacy (β=.13, p<.05) and occupation (β=.15, p<.01) were directly and positively related to increased contraceptive behavior, while gender-based violence (β=-.19, p<.01) was negatively related. Conclusions: Intention towards contraceptive use, positive attitudes towards contraceptive use, contraceptive self-efficacy and occupation were direct and positive predictors of contraceptive behavior of socially disadvantaged adolescents, while gender-based violence was directly and negatively related to this outcome variable. Understanding the factors that influence contraceptive behavior in adolescents living in poverty is essential for the design of programs aimed at preventing unwanted pregnancies. Keywords: Contraceptives; Adolescents; Social Disadvantage in Health; Poverty.
Managerial skills in mental health and teaching performance in an Educational Management
Objective: To determine the influence of managerial skills on mental health and teacher performance in public educational institutions (UGEL) in Lima. Materials and methods: The methodology used is quantitative, basic, with a non-experimental design. A structured questionnaire was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 102 teachers from public educational institutions belonging to a UGEL in Lima-Peru, using validated scales for managerial skills, burnout risk (mental health) and teacher performance according to the Peruvian Good Teacher Performance Framework. Results: 39.2% reported poor managerial skills and 38.2% good. Regarding the “mental health” dimension, the majority (61.7%) presented moderate-high burnout risk. In addition, for “teacher performance” only 44.1% reached an efficient level; in the dimensions “preparation for student learning” 54.9%, “teaching for student learning” 38.2%, “participation in school management” 52.0% and “professional development” 54.9%. Conclusions: Managerial skills influence managerial competencies, mental health, and teaching performance in public educational institutions of a UGEL in the post-pandemic context, reducing the negative impact of COVID-19 sequelae on mental health and significantly enhancing teachers’ professional performance. Keywords: Managerial skills; Teacher mental health; Teacher performance; Post-COVID-19 pandemic.
Validation of a scale on quality of work life in nurses of the Mexican social security
Objective: To validate the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale-2 (WRQLS-2) among nursing staff at the General Hospital of Zone with Family Medicine No. 2 of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in Irapuato, Mexico. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 nurses participated voluntarily in the study. The WRQLS-2 scale was administered, and an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the internal structure of the instrument. The reliability of each factor was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Results: The factor analysis revealed seven dimensions: work commitment, job control, working conditions, well-being, stress, career satisfaction, and work-life interface. The scale demonstrated strong construct validity and internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.70 for most factors. Conclusions: The validation of the WRQLS-2 questionnaire provides us with a valid and reliable tool to assess the quality of work life of nursing staff at the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Irapuato, Mexico. Its application will make it possible to identify areas for improvement in the work environment, contributing to the well-being of the staff and the quality of the medical care offered. Keyboard: Work environment; Nursing; Validation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Horizonte Sanitario https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diet and physical activity as treatment for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and certain types of cancer, which are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. There is sufficient evidence of the global obesity pandemic. In turn, diabetes and cardiovascular disease have been reported as the leading causes of mortality in Mexico. These conditions have a significant impact on healthcare institutions and those who suffer from them. The treatment of these conditions requires a comprehensive approach, in which the adoption of a healthy diet and physical activity are fundamental to their prevention and to reducing the risk of complications associated with these diseases. Adopting a healthy lifestyle with a diet that includes more fiber, such as fruits and vegetables, legumes, and oilseeds, as well as reducing red meat, sugars, and processed foods. The importance of regular physical activity as part of one's lifestyle and reducing sedentary habits in daily life is highlighted. Adherence to a healthy diet in combination with regular physical activity are important components to be implemented by the health team to reduce the incidence of these diseases, which have a high burden of morbidity and mortality in Mexico, as well as to reduce the risk of complications associated with these diseases. Keywords: Obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Heart disease; Diet; Physical exercise.
Influence of hybrid immunity and host factors on the concentration of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Objectives: To analyze the influence of hybrid immunity and host-dependent factors on the baseline concentration of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: Observational study of an analytical type, cross-sectional. A sample of 169 participants, over 18 years of age, of both sexes; distributed in two groups. Group A: 84 participants with previous infection + vaccination. Group B: 85 participants without previous infection + vaccination. Baseline concentrations of total anti-RBD antibodies were measured. In all cases, a significance level α 5% was used (p= <0.05). Results: A positive result was considered from a mean fluorescence index equal to or greater than 1.3 (MIF≥ 1.3). All participants have titles above the cut-off point. Group A: 6.8 ± 2.23 MIF, Group B: 7.39 ± 2.78 MIF. There was no statistically significant difference between them (p= 0.145). Significant differences were evidenced with males (p= 0.049), overweight (p= 0.037) and the Moderna vaccine (mRNA-1273) (p= 0.003). A statistically significant, weak, and direct correlation was evidenced between the number of booster doses and the concentration of antibodies in group A (p= 0.013). The simple linear regression model predicts in group A that a fifth booster dose would generate antibody levels of 8.81 MIF, values much higher than the average (6.80 MIF). Conclusions: Hybrid immunity influences the humoral response induced by vaccines, favouring increased antibody production with each booster dose received. In our population, overweight is a host-dependent factor that negatively influences the baseline concentration of antibodies in individuals with previous infections. Keywords: Infection; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccines; Hybrid immunity.
Subjective well-being index based on the social right to public health: A comparative study of Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, And Ecuador
Objective: To comparatively analyze the relationship between the effective exercise of social rights to health and the subjective well-being of users of public health services in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador, from a health marketing perspective focused on public value creation, user experience, institutional trust, and service satisfaction, in order to propose a Subjective Well-Being Index based on the Social Right to Public Health applicable to Latin American contexts. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, deductive, non-experimental, cross-sectional and correlational-explanatory study. Survey of 1,536 adult beneficiaries of public health services (384 per country) in Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. Variables: social rights to health (VI), marketing for health (mediator) and subjective well-being (DV). Analysis using PLS-SEM. Results: The PLS-SEM structural model showed adequate levels of reliability and validity. Hypotheses were confirmed, revealing positive and statistically significant relationships between social rights to health (H1), health marketing (H2), and subjective well-being (H3). Partial mediation validated the Subjective Well-Being Index based on the Social Right to Public Health, demonstrating consistency and comparability across Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. Conclusions: The study validates the Subjective Well-Being Index based on the Social Right to Public Health as a comparative analytical tool for Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. The index integrates social rights, health marketing, and subjective well-being, providing scientific evidence on how the guarantee of rights and institutional experience explain well-being in public health services. Keywords: Subjective well-being; Social rights; Right to health; Health marketing.
Influence of anthropometric indicators on blood pressure levels in adult Mexican women
Objective: To determine the influence of anthropometric indicators on blood pressure levels in adult Mexican women. Materials and methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 342 adult women aged 18 years and older. General, anthropometric, and blood pressure data were collected in accordance with international guidelines. Multiple linear regression models and multinomial logistic regression models were analyzed. Results: Body mass index and neck circumference were statistically significant predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < .05), explaining 14.4% of the variance in each model. Neck circumference was associated with high-normal blood pressure and grade I hypertension, while BMI was associated with isolated diastolic hypertension. Conclusions: The findings of the present study show that BMI and CC are significantly associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in Mexican adult women. Its integration into primary care screening for young women is recommended, in order to facilitate early detection and evidence-based prevention. Keywords: Hypertension; Anthropometry; Women; Social Determinants of Health.
Inequalities in medical specialization in Mexico: Analysis of the National Residency Examination and accreditation
Objective: To evaluate the likelihood of admission to a medical specialty through the National Medical Residency Examination (ENARM), with quality assurance from the Mexican Council for the Accreditation of Medical Education (COMAEM), comparing public and private medical schools. Materials and methods: A study was carried out with a quantitative, documentary, observational and cross-sectional approach, based on the secondary analysis of public and open access information. The probabilities of physicians gaining admission to a specialty were analyzed based on qualification quartiles from the national evaluation and the type of medical school (public or private). Comparisons were made between public and private schools, considering their accreditation status. Results: A select group of prestigious, high-tuition private schools consistently ranked higher for admission to medical specialties. In contrast, many private schools achieved the lowest scores in the national ranking. Public schools demonstrated greater consistency, with those holding satisfactory accreditation status achieving the highest overall ratings across the cohort. The distribution of state-level educational offerings revealed inequities, reflecting known economic, social, and cultural disparities in Mexico. Conclusions: Inequities in access to quality medical education during undergraduate training in Mexico require urgent analysis and action. These disparities can negatively impact the fundamental right to health and hinder the development of a high-quality national health system. Key words: Education, Medical; Right to Health; Health Inequities; Schools, Medical; Mexico.
Epidemiology of chronic venous disease in health personnel
Objective. To determine the prevalence of chronic venous disease (CVD) in hospital health staff. Materials and Method. Cross-sectional study on health workers of a general hospital in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas. The sample was 282 peoples using a probabilistic selection. The interview was conducted with a validated questionnarie. All patients underwent detailed clinical examination. Data were analyzed obteining descriptive measures, with SPSS versión 26. Results. Included 282 patients, 69% women. The prevalence of CVD was 51.4%, the range age of the sample from 18 to 45 and over years old; with regard to characteristics with statistic significance by the chi-square test were : to be women, 69% (p:0.00), with familiar antecedent of CVD 75.2% (p:0.00), sedentary life style 71.3% (p:0.00), women with one or more children 50% (p:0.00). The nurse workers had the higest prevalence of CVD, 63.4%. Regarding clinical symptoms 81% (p:0.01) refer lower leg pain, swelling 78.6 % (p:0.00), heaviness of legs 76.3% (p:0.00), night cramps, 80%(p:0.00) and plantar pain 76.2% (p:0.00). Conclusion. The prevalence of chronic venous diseases is higher in women, specifically nurses, it is similar as reported in the literature. It is recommended implement diagnosis and early treatment in hospital workers. Keywords: Venous insufficiency; Health personnel; Prevalence.
Nutritional status in Mexican young adults who consume marijuana: an analysis by sex
Objective: To know the association between marijuana use and nutritional status in young Mexicans aged 18 to 34, according to sex. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, in which 32 women and 35 men who used marijuana, recruited on social networks with the snowball technique, participated. The instrument used was a nutritional clinical history that included self-report of anthropometric measurements and dietary practices; the ASSIST questionnaire on the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs; as well as the International Physical Activity and Lifestyle Questionnaire, known as IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Results: The average age of the participants was 24 years for women and 25 for men. Regarding anthropometric measurements, the statistically significant results were lower body mass index and waist circumference in women than in men. The dietary indicator also showed lower caloric intake in women; however, both groups were classified as having hypercaloric diets. Conclusions: Despite the limitations of the study due to SARS-CoV-2 which prevented the implementation of the biochemical and clinical indicators, significant body and eating changes were found in marijuana users of both sexes. Keywords: Nutrition; Adults; Marijuana Abuse.
Social determinants of pregnancy among school-aged adolescents in two Colombian municipalities
Objective: To determine the influence of social factors on adolescent pregnancy in contexts of regional vulnerability. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 354 high school students from public schools in two municipalities located in the Colombian Caribbean. Analyzed factors included sociodemographic data, aspects related to sexual and reproductive health, and interpersonal variables. Data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate techniques, determining the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals, and statistical significance. Results: The analysis identified the following risk variables: being female (OR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.10-2.74), not participating in religious practices (OR=1.78; 95% CI: 1.02-3.10), and being in the 14-to-16-year-old age group (OR=3.24; 95% CI: 1.58-6.60). Notably, male adolescents showed lower attendance at sexual and reproductive health programs (OR= 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.98). Likewise, the non-utilization of these health services was a key predictor of a lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods (OR=3.171; 95% CI: 1.84-5.46). Conclusions: Reproductive vulnerability is closely linked to school dropout, making this group a priority for interventions that extend beyond the traditional educational setting. The need to implement intersectional strategies with a gender and rights-based approach is emphasized, strategies that not only aim to prevent early pregnancy but also guarantee the autonomy and comprehensive protection of adolescent girls' life plans in the Caribbean context of Colombia. Keywords: Social Determinants of Health; Adolescent pregnancy Sexual and Reproductive Health.
Trends and models of humanized nursing care in the neonatal intensive care unit: A narrative review
Objective: To synthesize recent scientific evidence on trends and models of humanized nursing care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted. The search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and BVS databases for the period 2020-2025, including studies in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. The process of identifying and selecting articles followed the PRISMA guidelines. The research question was structured using the PICO acronym. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists. After a rigorous screening and evaluation process, 12 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis. Results: Four trends and models that define humanized care were identified: 1) Ethical leadership in technological innovation, prioritizing dignity over technological advancement; 2) Family-Centered Care (FCC) and parental empowerment, which demonstrates clinical benefits for newborns; 3) Extension of care to a holistic and spiritual approach, essential in grief care; and 4) Adoption of digital trends, including telehealth nursing, to ensure continuity of family support. Conclusions: Trends in humanized care are essential for the quality of neonatal survival. Current nursing practice is oriented toward comprehensive care and family empowerment, achieving an ethical transformation of the professional role. It is imperative to standardize these trends and models to guarantee more humane and effective care in the NICU. Keywords: Humanized Care; Neonatal Intensive Care Units; Neonatal Nursing; Family Centered Care; Trends.
Narratives on Barriers to Mental Health Care for Medical Students
Objective: To explore the main barriers faced by medical students in seeking help and the use of addressing mental health services. Materials and Methods: Qualitative study conducted through semi-structured interviews with medical students (N = 17). The data were analyzed and coded in accordance with Grounded Theory methodology; a central category was constructed, along with subcategories, their properties, and dimensions, using ATLAS.ti version 24 software. Results: A total of 23 distinct barriers were identified and categorized into three main groups: nine related to health services (GR = 75), addressing issues of quality, organization, accessibility, and dissemination; another nine linked to perceptions and attitudes (GR = 66), reflecting how students conceptualize and interpret mental health in themselves; and those associated with stigma (GR = 29), which describe the internalized system of negative beliefs prevalent within the medical profession. Conclusions: To address mental health among future physicians, it is essential to integrate socio-emotional education, promote a culture of empathy and support, and ensure accessible high-quality health services. This underscores the need for a comprehensive approach that transcends the biomedical model by incorporating sociocultural dimensions and fostering cross-cutting, collaborative interventions among students, institutions, and society to overcome barriers that hinder mental health care and well-being in medical training. Keywords: Medical Students; Mental Health; Mental Health Assistance; Help-Seeking Behavior; Social Stigma.
Patient safety culture: Barriers and facilitators in high- and low-income countries. A Scoping review
Objective: To describe the opportunities and challenges of incorporating precursor actions to a patient safety culture identified in high- and low-income countries. Materials and methods: A scoping review of the evidence was conducted to map and identify the characteristics of patient safety culture implementation in high-income countries compared to low-income countries. The PRISMA-ScR database was used as the source of evidence; Rayyan AI software was used for screening. The databases searched were Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. Results: The PRISMA-ScR report initially retrieved 1,053 records and concluded with 80 articles. The characterization of the countries showed that 62.5% were classified as high-income, compared to 37.5% classified as low-income. Conclusions: It was concluded that the HSOPSC survey is the most widely used tool in the process of diagnosing patient safety culture. Developed countries implement ongoing training and education programs, and team management skills strengthen the patient safety culture. Developing countries consider the lack of financial support a negative factor, leading to difficulties in implementation and development. Implementing models such as the second victim model, review systems, event reporting, and the use of a notification system facilitates the identification and generation of opportunities for the healthcare team. Key words: Quality of Health Care; Patient safety; Safety Management; Incident Reporting; Organizational Culture.
Common disease prevention habits in schoolchildren from rural communities in Guerrero, Mexico
Objective: To identify the factors associated with the development of preventive behaviours for common diseases in primary schoolchildren from four rural communities. Materials and methods: Mixed study, survey of 236 parents and interview with 14 teachers. Parents reported sociodemographic data and data on prevention of common diseases. Teachers reported on the school context and health habits. Results: Health care based on customs and practices prevails. There was an association between the reporting of diarrheal diseases and lack of piped water (ORa 2.71, 95% CI 1.27-5.77) and lack of a latrine in the home (ORa 2.93, 95% CI 1.26-6.81). Teachers have limited knowledge of curricular content on education and health. Conclusions: Common illnesses are related to the lack of basic services. There is an opportunity to promote habits for the prevention of common diseases through educational work, so it is necessary to encourage community participation in school activities. Keywords: Habits; Schoolar health services; Health education; Health promotion.
Characterization of Sexual Behavior in Adolescents from the Northeastern Border of Tamaulipas
Objective: To identify the characteristics of sexual behavior among adolescents from the northeastern border of Tamaulipas. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted in a population of high school students from the northeastern border of Tamaulipas. A probabilistic random sampling method was used, yielding a final sample of 543 students. The Gamarra-Tenorio & Iannacone (2010) questionnaire was applied, which evaluates sociodemographic profile and sexual behavior. Descriptive statistics were performed, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test with Lilliefors correction was applied using the SPSS software, version 26. Results: The mean age of participants was 16.89 years (SD = 1.27), with females representing 65.4% of the sample. Most students were born in municipalities of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Laredo. The mean age of menarche was 11.68 years (SD = 2.19) and spermarche 11.38 years (SD = 4.69). Adolescents reported sexual experiences such as hugging (21.8%) and kissing (19.2%). Furthermore, 47.8% had already experienced first sexual intercourse, with a mean age of 15.27 years (SD = 1.29); among them, 35.7% did not use any contraceptive method. Conclusions: Adolescent sexual behavior in this population is characterized by early pubertal maturation and the initiation of sexual life at relatively young ages. These practices are mainly developed within dating relationships, where affective expressions (such as hugging and kissing) play an important role preceding sexual intercourse. However, inconsistent contraceptive use leads a considerable proportion of adolescents toward risky sexual behavior. Keywords: Adolescents; Sexual behavior; Contraception; Border health.
Factores asociados a Alteraciones de las Funciones Cognitivas y Capacidades Adaptativas en Pacientes con VIH
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between risk factors such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, overweight, high viral load, and cognitive impairments and adaptive capacities in patients with HIV. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in a family medicine unit, with a sample of n=83 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Comorbidities and high viral load were identified; to measure adaptive capacities and cognitive functions, the Vineland and MoCA questionnaires were applied, with prior informed consent. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using Pearson's chi-square test and prevalence ratio (PR) with the statistical software SPSS version 25.0. Authorization was obtained from the ethics and research committee with the registration: R-2023-2701-065. Results: Patients aged Ⱦ=34 years ±S=10.4 years, with a median Md=32 years, men 84.3% (70), married 36.1% (30). With BMI Ⱦ≥30 Kg/m2=9.6% (8). Mild cognitive impairment was presented in 14.5% (12), and interpersonal relationship problems were seen in 27.7% (23). High viral load and cognitive impairment were observed in 83.3% (10), compared to those with undetectable viral load, with X2=10.345, df=2, and a statistically significant p value=0.001. An association was observed between high viral load and mild cognitive impairment (RP=18.05, 95%CI: Li 6.521, Ls 49.989 and p value= 0.0001) and alterations in interpersonal adaptive capacities and gross motor skills. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to implement targeted interventions to improve functionality and quality of life in patients with HIV, through a comprehensive approach that considers both physical risk factors and adaptive capacities. Keywords: HIV; Cognitive impairment; Adaptive behavior; Factors associated.