Horizonte Sanitario is a publication published since 2002 by the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. It publishes articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish on topics related to Public Health Sciences and Health Administration in the form of editorials, review articles and originals (scientific research products). The journal is freely accessible and does not charge authors for submission or publication.
Risk factors associated with COVID-19 during the pandemic in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
Objective: To analyze the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the dynamics of viral variants in the Puerto Vallarta region, Jalisco, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to identify infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the variants present in infected individuals were carried out by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction between April 2020 and April 2022. Results: A total of 5,646 individuals were analyzed, of which 3,336 people obtained a negative result for SARS-CoV-2, while 2,310 tested positive. The presence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants was detected, with a predominance of the wild variant. Statistically significant associations were found between symptoms such as cough (p=0.000), fever (p=0.000), loss of smell (p=0.000) and taste (p=0.000), as well as with morbidities such as obesity (p=0.000) and diabetes (p=0.000) concerning SARS-CoV-2 infection. These conditions, reported more frequently in positive cases, highlight their relevance in clinical management. Additionally, the dynamics of virus variants during this period were investigated. Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 detection contributed to identifying positive cases, a requirement for prevention strategies, while variant identification allowed contextualizing changes in local epidemiology. Keywords: COVID-19; RT-PCR; Comorbidities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Horizonte Sanitario https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Design and validation of a questionnaire on the perception of persuasive food marketing among young Mexicans
Objective: To design and validate a questionnaire that evaluates the influence of food marketing on young Mexicans. Materials and method: An observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study was carried out. The sample consisted of 346 university students from different states in Mexico. A questionnaire based on theoretical models of consumer behavior was developed. Content validity was determined by expert judgment and construct validity through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal axes and oblique rotation. Internal consistency was assessed using the omega coefficient (ω). Results: The EFA revealed a four-factor structure that explained 56.72% of the total variance. The factors identified were: (1) product exposure and advertising on social networks, (2) social and environmental responsibility, (3) product exposure and packaging, (4) brand experience and loyalty. The total scale showed adequate internal consistency (ω= .85) and a KMO measure of sampling adequacy of .84. Conclusions: The questionnaire developed proved valid and reliable for evaluating food marketing and its relationship to the purchasing decisions of young Mexicans, providing a useful tool for future research and intervention strategies. Keywords: Questionnaires; Evaluation studies; Marketing; Food; Adolescents.
Biopharmaceuticals at the Frontier of Medical Therapeutics: Monoclonal antibodies, RNAs and Gene editing
In recent years, new medical treatments have been developed using biological molecules that are part of the defense mechanisms of living organisms. These molecules target specific components involved in disease processes, such as those associated with cancer. One example of such strategies are monoclonal antibodies, immune system molecules designed to neutralize specific targets. The in vitro production of these humanized antibodies has permitted homogeneity, industrial-scale production, and similarity to human proteins, which prevents their rapid degradation. These treatments are currently successfully applied to various diseases, including cancer, hypersensitivity, autoimmune, degenerative, and metabolic disorders. Another class of emerging therapeutic molecules are ribonucleic acids (RNA) in their various forms, such as aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). The market entry of these therapies has been so rapid that, to date, approximately 700 RNA products have been approved for human use in the United States, compared to the 125 authorized humanized monoclonal antibodies. While antibodies and RNA products are administered periodically, gene editing is being researched with the aim of correcting mutated genes that cause disease. Although this field has made significant advancements, it poses the greatest ethical dilemmas and challenges. Keywords: Biological Products; Monoclonal antibody; RNAi Therapeutics; Genetic Therapy; Gene Editing.
Influence of gender on the eating behavior phenotype of university students
Objective: To analyze eating behavior phenotypes in university students, with an emphasis on gender-related differences. Materials and methods: A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study was conducted to analyze the relationship between gender and eating behavior phenotype in nutrition students at a higher education institution in southeastern Mexico. The sample was purposive and voluntary. A sociodemographic form and the Eating Behavior Phenotype Scale (EFCA) were applied, with high reliability (α = 0.86). Anonymity and informed consent were guaranteed. The analysis was performed with nonparametric tests (Chi-square and Mann-Whitney), organizing the data in Excel. Correlations between eating phenotypes and BMI were identified, highlighting the usefulness of the EFCA in assessing eating patterns. Results: The study included 89 university students (37.08% men and 62.92% women), with an average age of 21.52 years. Different levels of eating phenotype were observed, with hyperphagia (50.56%) and the hedonic component (48.31%) predominating. Although the Mann-Whitney test did not reveal significant discrepancies in total scores between men and women (p = 0.379), the Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between gender and eating behavior classification (p = 0.000). This suggests that, although scores did not differ significantly, there were gender-differentiated eating patterns within the sample analyzed. Conclusions: The study shows gender differences in eating phenotypes, highlighting more frequent emotional and compulsive behaviors in women. Keywords: Phenotype; Feeding behavior; Gender.
Program to reduce anxiety in women with breast cancer: a pilot study
Objective: To explore the feasibility of the intervention “Mindfulness to Reduce Anxiety in Women with Breast Cancer.” Materials and methods: A pilot study with a quasi-experimental design (pre- and post-test) was conducted. The sample consisted of women aged 30 to 69 years diagnosed with breast cancer who could read and write, had an electronic device with internet access, and had mild or higher levels of anxiety as determined by the Generalized Anxiety Scale. The intervention program lasted eight weeks and consisted of twelve sessions, eight in person and four virtual. Data were collected using a field diary, checklists, and Fabricio's (2013) Acceptability and Feasibility Scale. The study complied with the General Health Law on Research Involving Human Beings (2024). Results: Participants had a mean age of 52.71 years and an average of 13.86 years of schooling. Regarding feasibility, participants reported that the sessions, program duration, procedures used, and program content were sufficient, as was the program's ability to reduce anxiety. They also reported good acceptance and satisfaction with the program. However, although benefits were observed in the participants, the preliminary effect did not show significant differences in pre- and post-intervention measurements using the Wilcoxon test (p=156). Conclusions: The results of the pilot study allow us to conclude that the intervention program showed feasibility and offered benefits to its participants after eight weekly sessions. Therefore, it is recommended to test its delivery with a larger number of participants to begin exploring its effect. Keywords: Feasibility; Breast cancer; Mindfulness; Anxiety.
Characterization of the risk for diabetic foot in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the risk of diabetic foot in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in a Primary Health Care (APS) program. Materials and Methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study based on multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. Population composed of individuals diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus enrolled in the Primary Health Care Program. Data were collected through home visits. A podiatric assessment was conducted to evaluate clinical risk factors for diabetic foot, including vascular, neurological, and dermatological evaluations, assessment of bone structure, examination of skin characteristics, identification of deformities, and detection of neuropathic symptoms. Results: This study analyzed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, identifying factors associated with their complications. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the duration of diabetes was the main risk factor for ulcers, necrosis, metatarsal overload, and infections (p < 0.05). Age showed a significant association with anhidrosis and edema, while sex was linked to varicose veins and neuromuscular reflex alterations. Conclusion: The findings differ from those of previous studies regarding variables such as bone and vascular changes and disease duration. The results emphasize the risk faced by the working-age population, highlighting the need for preventive interventions to avoid complications that could impair their quality of life. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Foot; Risk Factors.
María Verónica de los Ángeles Pacheco Chan
Genes associated with virulence and pathogenicity of Rickettsia rickettsii: A systematic review
Objective: To review recent literature on the function of genes associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Rickettsia rickettsii. Materials and Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews. Searches were conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed (2015–2025) using keywords and Boolean operators related to the topic. Results: A total of 5,026 articles were identified. Ultimately, 50 were selected for the preparation of this review. From these, information was obtained regarding the relevance of virulence-associated genes (Adr1, Adr2, RARP2, RapL). Concerning genes associated with bacterial pathogenicity, OmpA, OmpB, Sca2, Sca4, tlyA, tlyC, pld, RLip, and RickA were reported. These genes are necessary for cell interaction, adhesion, and invasion, as well as immune system evasion. Conclusions: Rickettsia rickettsii is a pathogen of public health importance globally and in Mexico. Therefore, key bacterial genes such as Sca2, Sca4, tlyA, tlyC, RARP2, RapL, Adr1, Adr2, pld, OmpA, and OmpB that influence host interaction and immune evasion were analyzed. However, the strains present in Mexico still require in depth study, and strategies for the prevention, control, and treatment of the disease need to be improved. Keywords: Rickettsia rickettsii; outer membrane proteins; genes; virulence; pathogenicity; surface cell antigens (Sca).
Positioning of healthcare institutions in the city of Rioverde, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish the positioning of health institutions and which of these is the leading brand in the municipality of Rioverde, San Luis Potosi. Materials and methods: We worked under a quantitative methodology, descriptive and correlational in scope, with a cross-sectional design. The sample corresponds to 267 participants where a multistage sampling was carried out in two phases, where first sampling was carried out in the areas where the health institutions are located, and the second part consisted of sampling the users of the service. The technique used was the survey and the instrument was a questionnaire composed of seven items that were measured by means of a 5-point Likert scale, where one indicated strongly disagree and five indicated strongly agree. The reliability of this instrument was very good because a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.887. Results: The main results showed that the leading brand in the municipality is the CMR, which is positioned by attributes such as warmth, attention, personnel, facilities and reputation, while the General Hospital of Rioverde has a great disadvantage in the market because users cannot clearly associate it with any attribute. Conclusions: The positioning of health institutions in the municipality of Rioverde, S.L.P. plays a great role due to the intense competition in this field. Therefore, it is essential to understand how users value different institutions and their respective attributes. It was observed that there is a significant difference between health institutions, both public and private, which causes some to be considered superior to others. Keywords: Positioning; Image; Health Institutions.
Educational Strategy for Training Adolescents as Peer Educators for HIV Prevention
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational strategy based on risk communication in adolescents as peer educators for the prevention of human insufficiency virus (HIV) infection. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental mixed-process non-randomized intervention trial with pre-test (before the intervention) and post-test (after). 40 students from six middle and high schools participated, three rural and three urban. Based on a previous diagnosis, the educational strategy and didactic resources were designed. The training lasted 20 hours and addressed issues related to HIV and AIDS, sexuality, relationships, other sexually transmitted infections, gender and equity. The participants' level of knowledge was assessed through a questionnaire and the development of drawings in response to two slogans: How can you become infected with HIV? and draw the behaviors that can protect you from contracting HIV. Results: After the training, the participants integrated knowledge related to the topics addressed and the average increased to 2.06 points (p <0.00001). Through the development of drawings (after training), the number of participants who drew elements related to blood, sexual and maternal transmission of HIV was increased. Regarding protective behaviors, most drew the use of condoms, although no significant changes were observed. At the end of the training, the participants proposed strategies and teaching materials for peer education later carried out in their schools. Conclusion: The evidence based educational strategy is a useful strategy for educating and training adolescents as peer educators. It could be replicated to other schools, adapting it to each context. Keywords: Disease prevention; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Health education; Sex education.
Satisfaction and quality provided by students in dental clinics at private universities in northwestern Peru
Objective: To analyze the relationship between patient satisfaction and the quality of care provided by undergraduate students in dental clinics at two private universities in northwestern Peru. Materials and methods: This was a basic, quantitative study with a non-experimental, correlational, descriptive, and cross-sectional design. The non-probability sample consisted of 134 patients. The data collection instruments were a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, previously submitted to expert review for content validation, and the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MINSA) Quality of Care Assessment Scale, both using a Likert-type scale. Results: The results indicated that the level of satisfaction was high, with an approval rating of over 98%, and that the quality of care was also positively valued by all participants. A significant correlation was observed in the 6th (Rho = 0.437; p = 0.042) and 7th (Rho = 0.514; p = 0.009) cycles in Chiclayo, as well as in the 6th (Rho = 0.567; p = 0.005), 7th (Rho = 0.450; p = 0.016) and 8th (Rho = 0.518; p = 0.040) cycles in Piura, indicating a progressive improvement in the perception of quality as the students' clinical training progresses. Conclusions: A significant association was found between satisfaction and quality of care among patients treated by dental students (p=.000; rho=.513). These findings suggest that the higher the perceived quality of care, the higher the levels of patient satisfaction, which reaffirms the importance of strengthening training and clinical processes in the university setting. Keywords: Attention; Quality; Satisfaction.
Characterization of storage and distribution logistics in the Metropolitan Health Region’s warehouses, El Salvador, 2024-2025
Objective: To characterize the environmental, organizational, and operational conditions under which storage and distribution operations are carried out in the Warehouses of the Metropolitan Health Region. Materials and Methods: A descriptive observational cross-sectional, field study with a mixed-methods approach was conducted. Data collection was based on direct participatory observation of processes performed by administrative and operational staff during user service, using a structured observation guide to systematize data for analysis. Results: It was found that medical supplies and equipment are stored under inadequate conditions, marked by a lack of control and stability in temperature and humidity. Additionally, there is no systematic method for prioritizing supplies based on expiration dates. The physical space of the warehouses is insufficient, and the internal product distribution hinders agile and safe access to the supplies. Furthermore, there is an absence of regular supervision of storage and dispatch operations, limiting process efficiency and control. Conclusion: The environmental, organizational, and operational conditions of the regional warehouses were characterized, revealing significant deficiencies in the storage and distribution logistics system. These conditions reflect a logistics system that does not incorporate Good Storage Practices, negatively impacting the efficiency and quality of service provided to users. Therefore, improvements are necessary to ensure environmental, organizational, and operational standards that optimize management and guarantee the availability and quality of supplies. Keywords: Logistics, Drug Storage, Drugs, Good Storage and Distribution Practices.
Satisfaction, dignified treatment of the user of health services in a hospital in Mexico
Objective: Determine the satisfaction and dignified treatment of medical care in the user user of a hospital in northeastern Mexico. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and retrospective study was conducted. Users who sought medical care between September 2023 and June 2024 were included. Results: Regarding the Dignified Treatment component, a positive perception was observed: 99.4% of users considered the care received respectful, while 0.6% did not. Regarding consultation time, 98.5% of users perceived that the doctor dedicated sufficient time to their visit, while 1.5% felt the opposite. Regarding overall perceived quality, satisfaction predominated: 92.5% of users declared themselves satisfied, 7.36% declared themselves fairly satisfied, and only 0.1% declared themselves not at all satisfied. Conclusions: The study conducted at the Regional High Specialty Hospital of Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010” shows a high level of user satisfaction regarding the medical care received. Most patients highlighted effective communication with the physician, clarity in treatment explanations, and respectful behavior from the healthcare staff. These results reflect the human and professional quality of the medical team, as well as adherence to the principles of patient-centered care. Key words: User satisfaction; Quality; Health services.
Expanding healthcare: The role of Farmacias Similares clinics in the State of Mexico
Objetive: To analyze the social impact of pharmacy-based clinics (CAF) on healthcare services, with the aim of identifying their role in access to medical services in Region 1 of the State of Mexico. Materials and Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted, which gathered the opinions of 334 users of medical consultation services offered by pharmacies, using an online survey on the Microsoft Forms platform. Results: With a heterogeneous sample, the majority of participants were women (221) engaged in primary economic activities with a monthly income of less than 5,000 pesos. They stated that the medical consultation services offered by pharmacies positively impact at least three aspects of their social lives, with healthcare costs and accessibility being the areas where they rated this service most highly. Conclusions: The factors that have made medical consultation services at pharmacies such a significant service in the region are accompanied by ongoing complaints about the public health system, including wait times of around 40 minutes, travel times to the medical center of over 2 hours, and a healthcare system that excludes people engaged in informal economic activities from public coverage. Keywords: Office adjacent to pharmacy; social impact; health coverage; public health services; quality of medical service.
Pharmacy offices, actors in the cluster and inadequate disposal of medications: A Systematic Review
Objective: To analyze, through a systematic review of the literature, the association between pharmacy-adjacent medical offices and the accumulation and improper disposal of medicines, as well as the implications of this phenomenon for public health and the environment. Materials and methods: A structured search was conducted in PubMed for articles published in English and Spanish during the last ten years, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and applying the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Eligible studies included original research and reviews addressing practices of medication storage and disposal in households, the role of pharmacy offices in prescription patterns and drug accumulation, and the social, health, and environmental effects derived from these practices. Results: Out of 16 studies initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria. The findings were grouped into three main themes: (1) disposal practices of expired medications in households and health services, predominantly through household waste and sewage systems; (2) the influence of pharmacy-adjacent medical offices on overprescription and the growth of household medicine cabinets, linked to labor and market incentives; and (3) the socio-environmental consequences of improper disposal, including bacterial resistance, household poisonings, and contamination of water and soil. Conclusions: The review highlights that pharmaceutical marketing models and the working conditions of physicians in pharmacy-adjacent medical offices indirectly contribute to the accumulation and inadequate disposal of medicines. This scenario constitutes an emerging issue of public health and environmental justice. Priority areas identified include the promotion of eco-pharmacovigilance programs, the development of specific regulations for the final disposal of medicines, and the implementation of health education campaigns aimed at responsible use and the donation of medicines with remaining shelf life.
Teaching methodologies to acquire theoretical, procedural and attitudinal knowledge in nursing
Objective: To assess the theoretical, procedural, and attitudinal knowledge of nursing students through teaching with clinical simulation versus audiovisual media and role-playing. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of first-year students of the FESZ Nursing Program. The sample was determined by calculating finite populations, with a total of 120 students, divided into three subgroups: "A" trained with clinical simulation (anatomical model); "B" trained with audiovisual media; and "C" trained with the role-playing technique. Data analysis was performed using SPSS.V23, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests were performed for three categories. Results: 82.5% were women in the simulation group, 55% in the audiovisual media group, and 72.5% in the role-playing group. The age ranged from 18 to 22 years. For theoretical knowledge, the audiovisual media group obtained a mean of x̅=49.740 (SD=9.305); for procedural knowledge, role-playing, x̅=62.470 (SD=8.782); and for attitudinal knowledge, audiovisual media, x̅=52 (SD=30.315). A statistically significant difference was identified between the simulation group and the audiovisual media group (p=.003), but not with the audiovisual media group. Conclusions: The use of audiovisual media is a methodology that favors theoretical knowledge compared to other methodologies such as simulation and role-playing. Regarding procedural and attitudinal knowledge, there are no differences between the three methodologies. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice in Health; Simulated Training; Audiovisual Resources; Paper Performance.
Benefit-risk use of transfer factor (Hebertrans®) in usual medical practice
Objetive:Analyze the benefit-risk ratio of FT (Hebertrans®) in medical practice. Materials and methods: The Bayesian approach was used to compare the likelihood of benefit (satisfactory evolution of patients) with risk (presence of adverse reactions during or after treatment). The information was obtained from publications investigating adverse reactions and the clinical evolution of patients treated with Hebertrans® Results. A higher percentage of adverse reactions was observed with patients who evolved in an unsatisfactory way (24.5%), than among those who progressed correctly (12.2%). The difference between benefit and risk favored the first (Bayes Factor = 2.3). Conclusions. The benefit-risk balance for the use of the transfer factor (Hebertrans®) was in favor of the benefit, despite the fact that the clinical evolution of patients is not satisfactory, this drug causes few adverse reactions; the most frequent are related to the administration site and are mild. However, controlled epidemiological studies are necessary to verify these results. Keywords: Transfer factor; adverse reactions; benefit-risk; pharmacoepidemiology.
Copyright (c) 2019 HORIZONTE SANITARIO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Burnout Syndrome effect on medical teachers
Objective: To determine the presence and characterize the dimensions of Burnout Syndrome in faculty members who train medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Xalapa campus of the University, considering both their clinical and teaching professional activities. Materials and methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out, with an exploratory approach and non-experimental design, in a sample of 30 teachers selected through non-probabilistic sampling. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was applied, which evaluates three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal fulfillment, with adequate reliability (Cronbach's α: 0.86, 0.72, and 0.76, respectively). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and factor analysis by RStudio, with satisfactory results in the Bartlett test (Chi-square = 3416.987, p < 0.05) and the KMO index (0.73). For the sample, the calculation of the sample size for finite populations with 30 teachers was applied. Results: 60% percent showed low levels of emotional exhaustion, and 70% showed low levels of depersonalization. However, 56.7% exhibited high levels of personal accomplishment. Factor analysis identified two main factors: one associated with exhaustion and work-related stress, and another with positive aspects such as empathy and relationship management. According to the MBI, the overall level of Burnout was not severe, but emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were present in 23.3% and 30% of participants, respectively figures that raise concern, especially since these individuals also reported high levels of personal accomplishment. Conclusions: Although most participants showed low levels of exhaustion and depersonalization, the relevance of the syndrome highlights the need for preventive strategies to improve occupational health and faculty well-being. High personal accomplishment may serve as a protective factor but does not eliminate the risk of professional burnout. Keywords: Burnout Syndrome; Emotional exhaustion; Depersonalization.
Happiness from the teaching experience: mental health well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Objective: To determine perceptions of happiness from teaching experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of the 2021 academic year. Materials and Methods: The methodology used is applied, with a population of 457 education professionals from public elementary schools in the Institutional Education Network (REI) in Lima, Peru, and a non-probabilistic sample of 104 teachers. The data collection tools used the happiness scale to measure the positive meaning of life. Results: 51% reported a high level of happiness. Regarding the dimension “positive meaning of life,” the majority (76%) reported a high level. In addition, 59.6% reported a moderate level of “personal fulfillment,” and 82.7% of participants reported a high level of “joy of living.” Conclusions: Happiness, a life project based on teaching experiences, during the pandemic can be described as a way to increase the impact of positive feelings and was proposed favorably in terms of happiness levels despite the influential situations of COVID-19. Keywords: Experience; Mental Health; Pandemic COVID-19.
Empathy and Resilience in the training of Health Science Students
The complex relationship between empathy and resilience in the training of health professionals is analyzed. Empathic development results from genetic and ontogenetic factors. Studies in twins reveal that emotional empathy is more hereditary (48.3%) than cognitive (26.9%), suggesting that environmental factors significantly influence the development of the cognitive (70%) versus emotional (50%) component. Resilience emerges as a protective factor of "achieved empathy", understood as the empathy accumulated during the ontogenetic process. It is conceptualized in three dimensions: ecological (resistance to turbulence), engineering (resilience) and adaptation (functional adjustment to negative events). The interaction between both constructs is crucial: resilience does not increase or decrease empathy, but rather prevents its inhibition in the face of adverse events. For health sciences students, this means protection from stressors such as curricular overload, economic pressures, or inadequate academic environments. It is concluded that universities have a limited window to develop emotional empathy but a greater opportunity to strengthen the cognitive component, emphasizing the need for empathic diagnoses prior to any formative intervention. Educational institutions should consider prior empathic diagnoses and differentiated strategies to strengthen both resilience and the cognitive components of empathy in their health sciences students. Keywords: Empathy: Resilience: Health occupations students.
Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of intraventricular hemorrhage in low birth weight newborns in intensive care
Objective: To determine the prevalence of intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birth weight infants and its main epidemiological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Observational, retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases for convenience. The records of 86 preterm infants weighing less than 1,500 grams during the period from January 2010 to December 2020 were reviewed, including only those with a diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage at discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Classification was performed by transfontanelar ultrasonography according to the Papile scale. Results: A total of 16 cases of intraventricular hemorrhage (18.6% prevalence) were identified, with a mean stay of 76 days. The mean gestational age was 29 weeks and a weight of 1,072 grams. The distribution by severity showed: grade I 19%, grade II 6%, grade III 56% and grade IV 19%. The predominant clinical presentation was saltatory (50%), followed by catastrophic (31%) and silent (19%). There was no significant predominance of sex. The main postnatal risk factors identified were: apnea, respiratory distress syndrome, elevated C-reactive protein and surfactant use (94%), invasive ventilation and hypercapnia (87%). No cases of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus were reported as a complication. Conclusions: The prevalence of intraventricular hemorrhage was 18.6%. Avoiding preterm birth continues to be the most important measure to reduce incidence, complemented by strategies such as delayed clamping of the umbilical cord, use of caffeine and avoiding orotracheal intubation. Keywords: Intraventricular; Newborn; Very low birth weight.
Nutritional educational intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension
Objective: Identify the impact of nutritional intervention in the control of patients with DM2 and SAH. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study carried out at the UMF/H No.11 IMSS, Puebla, in the period from March to August 2023, in patients over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of DM2 and SAH alone or in combination, of any gender. Patients were grouped into with and without control. The educational intervention consisted of 3 sessions of 60 minutes duration, with 20 days of interval between each session, where BMI was obtained, blood pressure and capillary glucose were taken. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and, to compare the medians, the Friedman test was used for quantitative variables and, for qualitative variables, the Cochran test. Results: A total of 334 patients were included, 62% (n=209) women, with a median age of 63 years (IQR 53-71); 38% (n=127) had SAH, 28% (n=94) had a diagnosis of DM2, and 33% (n=113) had both comorbidities. The educational intervention had an impact on disease control in 12% (n=16) of patients diagnosed with SAH; in the case of patients diagnosed with DM2, it had a disease control impact of 19% (n=18) and in combination of both, it had a control impact of 15% (n=17). The Friedman test was applied for the BMI variable after 3 sessions, with a result p=0.001, and the control of SAH and DM2 was given the Cochran test, obtaining a p=0.001. Conclusions: The educational intervention had a statistically significant impact on the control of both health conditions. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Food and Nutrition Education; Hypertension.
Self-esteem in pregnant adolescents and its relationship with family functionality and social support
Objetive: To identify the association between family functionality and social support with the level of self-esteem of pregnant adolescents in a rural community of the Mezquital Valley in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Materials and methods: Analytical and cross-sectional study with non-probability sampling by disposition. We worked with a sample of 150 pregnant adolescents belonging to the municipality of Tezontepec de Aldama, to whom the family APGAR instrument, the Rosemberg self-esteem scale and the social support scale were administered. The level of self-esteem was compared with family functionality and social support using Pearson's Chi2. To evaluate the association of variables, logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables were used. Results: The study was dominated by adolescents who live with their partners, who are dedicated to the home and who already had a child. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the level of self-esteem of adolescents who receive support regularly and those who do not receive support; as well as between adolescents without family dysfunction and those with family dysfunction. Finally, it was found that adolescents without regular social support are more likely to have low self-esteem (RM=4.8 CI=1.97-12.10) and similarly, those adolescents with some degree of family dysfunction are more likely to have low self-esteem (RM=3.74, CI=1.37-10.88). Conclusions: A dysfunctional family environment and lack of social support are directly associated with low self-esteem in pregnant adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to implement support interventions to increase social and family ties, and thus improve the adolescent's overall confidence and mental health, to cope with pregnancy and motherhood in a healthy way. Keywords: Adolescent, pregnancy; mental health; social support; family.
Personal factors, self-efficacy in sexual communication and condom use in adolescents
Objective: To identify the relationship between self-efficacy in sexual communication and condom use in sexually active adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Specific objectives: 1) to describe the relationship between personal factors (sex, age, initiation of sexually active life, type and number of sexual partners) and self-efficacy in sexual communication, and 2) to identify the relationship between personal factors and condom use. Materials and methods: Descriptive correlational study with 102 sexually active students aged 12 to 19. A personal data form, the Sexual Communication Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Condom Use Scale (which measures frequency and consistency) with acceptable psychometric characteristics were administered. For statistical analysis, Chi-square tests (χ²) and Spearman correlations (rs) were used, with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: A relationship was found between the contraceptive communication subscale and consistency of condom use (rs=.200, p=.043). Age had a relationship with self-efficacy in sexual communication (rs=.287, p=.003) and three of its dimensions: sexual history (rs=.351, p=.001, condom negotiation (rs=.222, p=.025), negative sexual messages (rs=.307, p=.002). Age (rs=.396, p=.010) and number of casual partners (rs=.508, p=.001) were predictors of condom use. Conclusions: Although self-efficacy in sexual communication is a key factor in condom use, the descriptive results revealed that approximately half of adolescents did not use condoms during their last sexual encounter (frequency) or in the last 30 days (consistency). Keywords: Adolescent; Sexuality; Self Efficacy; Communication; Condoms.
Educational environment in medical specialization in a Family Medicine Unit
Objective: To evaluate the educational environment in the medical specialization program in a Family Medicine Unit. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study at UMF84 during 2023. Registered residents who agreed to participate were included and the “Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure” questionnaire was applied in person. Data analysis was through frequencies and measures of central tendency, using the SPSS 23 program. Results: 26 residents were studied, of which 57.7% perceived an educational environment that was more positive than negative. Identifying a more positive perception of each person's work, with teaching directed in the right direction and social support with more pros than cons. Finding the windows of opportunity in the questions with the worst perception, referring to the time in which they are reached by telephone, the lack of continuity in patient care, respect for their meal and recreation schedules, and improving counseling opportunities. Conclusion: It was determined that the educational environment in the medical specialization program in a family medicine unit is more positive than negative, with room for improvement. Recognizing strengths in the teaching subscale, as well as opportunities for growth in autonomy and social support. Keywords: Medical education; Medical residence; Family Medicine.
Effect of corrective measures and training for puerperal women with breastfeeding problems
Objective: To evaluate the effect of training and corrective measures in postpartum women with breastfeeding difficulties. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study. The study included postpartum women between 16 and 45 years of age, who had healthy newborns from 36 to 41 weeks of gestation. A questionnaire was applied, and obstetric and newborn history was obtained. The researcher witnessed breastfeeding for 10 min, to evaluate the way the mother breastfed the newborn: latching ability, audible swallowing, type of nipple, comfort and posture (LATCH scale); according to the problem identified, the mother was trained, and corrective measures were provided. A second evaluation was performed between the 3rd and 5th day. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed (paired T, Wilcoxon Ranks, Mc Nemar, Hedges G test), considering statistical significance p < 0.05, using SPSS V25 statistical software. Results: 150 pairs were included, median age of postpartum women was 26 years, 29.4 % were primigravidae, median age of the newborns was 39 weeks of gestation, weight 3030 grams. When comparing the pre and post intervention score, 77.3 % improved in the five domains of the LATCH scale (p <0.05), in 19.3 % there was no change and 3.3 % decreased their score in relation to the initial evaluation, the domains where the score decreased were comfort and type of nipple. Conclusions: The LATCH scale is a simple, accessible tool that can be used to identify training needs and corrective measures; the presence of breast pain and nipple type may be a factor favoring early breastfeeding cessation. Keywords: Breastfeeding; postpartum women; training.
Nursing coping strategies versus community care of children with seizures
Objective: To describe the emotional coping strategies of nurses in community care of children with seizures. Materials and methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was used, applying semi-structured interviews to five nursing professionals through a guiding question protocol. Data was analyzed through coding, subcategories, and categories, following the constant comparison method. Results: The analysis revealed two main categories, the first related to emotions experienced by nursing professionals, including fear, anxiety, nervousness, and frustration, which led to the transformation of coping styles from avoidance, passivity, and denial to active and empathetic coping; and the second linked to the strategies employed in care, highlighting emotional and spiritual support, enhancement of self-esteem, strengthening of coping mechanisms, and the promotion of faith and hope among families and the community. Conclusions: The emotional coping of nursing professionals in community care of children with seizures is characterized by the implementation of strategies that allow adaptation to this complex situation, favoring both the emotional management of the professional and the quality of care provided, with an empathetic and humanized approach. Key words: Coping, Emotional regulation, Community health nursing; Seizures.
Community health profile focusing on disability in El Tronconal, Veracruz, Mexico
Objective. To estimate the prevalence of People with Disabilities (PWD) and understand the sociodemographic conditions of these individuals and their families in the rural locality of El Tronconal, municipality of Xalapa, Veracruz (Mexico). Materials and Methods. Descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A convenience and systematized sampling method was used with a sample of 234 inhabitants. A household survey was applied, integrating sociodemographic and health aspects as well as indicators from the Model Disability Survey. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results. The prevalence of disability in the community (10.68%) exceeds the national average (6.87%). One in ten people has some type of disability. Women experience higher rates of disability (64%), with neurological disabilities being the most common (28%). Children and adolescents are significantly represented (40%). The most frequent disabilities: visual (24%), motor (24%), auditory (20%), and communicative (4%). Main causes of disability: advanced age (40%), degenerative diseases (24%), birth conditions (20%), and accidents (4%). The three main functional limitations: difficulty seeing well (34.6%), moving well (10.2%), and hearing well (7.2%). About 7.6% of the population is at risk due to heart diseases, and 5.5% due to metabolic conditions. 40% of PWD and their families live in “very difficult” conditions. 47.6% of the population has low educational attainment, and 59.4% lack social security. Care is primarily provided by women without professional training or financial compensation (86.6%). 46.6% of PWD perceive a medium level of social respect, and 13.3% perceive a low level. Conclusions. The generation of primary data is crucial for recognizing and understanding health needs in marginalized areas. Sociodemographic and epidemiological factors serve as a foundation for developing strategies and optimizing resources in the social-health care of PWD. This study is a pioneer in deepening disability care in rural areas.
Identification of maternal and family factors associated with abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding
Objective: To identify maternal and family factors associated with the abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, including 152 women with 6-month-old children from the Family Medicine Unit (UMF) No. 66 in Xalapa, Mexico. Sociodemographic and family information, breastfeeding practices, and the Edinburgh Scale were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using X2 analysis and binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 152 women were included, with a mean age of 30.5 years (SD= 5.9), 84.2% with high school education or more, 39.5% were housewives and 36.2% employed, 89.5% had a stable partner, 31.6% had suspected depression, and 3.4% had thoughts of self-harm. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 43.4% (CI95%35.5%-51.3%) and the factors associated with abandonment were occupation, initiation of formula milk (FMB) during hospital stay at birth, use of accessories (pacifier, bottle), age at which the mother plans to stop BF, family typology by development and number of pregnancies. Using formula during hospitalization at birth was found to be the only risk factor present in multiple regression models with an unadjusted OR of 4.4 (CI95% 2.1 - 9). Conclusions: The active intervention of medical staff is a pillar that can favor or hinder the exclusivity of breastfeeding. Healthcare spaces must be improved to promote and protect breastfeeding. Keywords: Breastfeeding; Child health; Depression, postpartum.
Dietary routine among university students from Quintana Roo and its influence on gastritis
Objective: To analyze the relationship between eating behavior and the presence of gastritis in university students of the Division of Health Sciences in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 124 Medicine, and Nursing students from a university in Chetumal, Quintana Roo, during the period January–May 2025. The age range of the participants is from 17 to 30 years, they were selected by convenience sampling. A validated questionnaire (Irala et al., 2014) (6) was used to assess general data, eating habits and patterns, frequency of food consumption, and self-perception of food intake. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v21, using descriptive statistics and chi-square (χ²) tests with a significance level of p < 0.05 to identify associations between variables. Results: The prevalence of gastritis was 25.8%, slightly higher in men (30.2%) than in women (23.5%). Fruit consumption was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of gastritis (p=0.041), while unsweetened beverages (p=0.043) and main course consumption (0.036) showed a significant association with the presence of gastritis. Most cases of gastritis were evaluated by symptomatology. Conclusion: Dietary behavior influences the occurrence of gastritis in university students, highlighting the urgency of implementing intervention strategies to promote healthy eating habits and prevent gastrointestinal diseases. Keywords: Gastritis; Students; Feeding behavior; Prevalence.
Advertising and sponsorship of the Tobacco Industry in a university community of Pinar del Río, Cuba
Objectives: To characterize smoking at the "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca" University in Pinar del Río; to identify exposure to marketing strategies of the national tobacco industry directed at the population, and to describe marketing strategies at points of sale. Materials and methods: A descriptive-cross-sectional study; it was conducted from April to June 2024. The universe consisted of 164 smokers and ex-smokers; four points of sale were selected. The combination of empirical methods such as questionnaires and observation, literature review, and the use of descriptive statistics allowed for triangulation of the information. Results: Similarities and differences in addiction were found between students and workers; more than half of the students tried electronic cigarettes. Free distribution of cigarettes, exposure to advertising on social media, and points of sale were identified. Conclusions: The university community is characterized by an early onset of tobacco addiction and difficulty in quitting due to psychological characteristics and exposure to advertising. Marketing strategies are limited to the informal market and social media. Points of sale provide accessibility to cigarettes on the university campus; relevant authorities have information to develop proposals and reduce social factors that promote smoking; the methodology and instruments designed allow for research with a similar purpose. Keywords: Marketing; Cigarettes; Points of sale; University; Pinar del Río.