Horizonte Sanitario is a publication published since 2002 by the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. It publishes articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish on topics related to Public Health Sciences and Health Administration in the form of editorials, review articles and originals (scientific research products). The journal is freely accessible and does not charge authors for submission or publication. IMPORTANT NOTICE The journal "Horizonte Sanitario", published by the Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, invites the academic and professional community to contribute to its special issue: “Humanization of Care: Advances in Scientific Research”
Didactic conception of diagnostic imaging skill as a systemic contribution in Family Medicine
Objective: To validate a didactic conception for the development of diagnostic imaging skill as a systemic contribution to an educational problem in Family Medicine residency. Materials and methods: Educational technological development research in two stages. First: theoretical construction based on dialectical materialism, Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Theory, and contemporary didactics, with Problem-Based Learning as its core. Second: validation through consultation with 15 experts (K>0.8) in a mixed consensus process (two anonymous Delphi rounds and a nominal group) and a pre-experimental pilot study with 28 residents (42 weeks, repeated pre-during-post measurements). Cognitive, procedural, and affective-motivational dimensions were evaluated. Results: A conception with four components was defined: theoretical-conceptual (operational definition, six functional invariants, three dimensions), content (cross-cutting knowledge), methodological-strategic, and evaluation (five instruments and expected achievement levels per residency year). Expert assessment was favorable: agreement of 60-93.3 % in the first round (Kappa=0.65), and a unanimous verdict of "Valid with modifications" after consensus. The pilot study showed significant improvements (p<0.001) with large effect sizes: cognitive (d=2.34), procedural (r=0.88), affective-motivational (d=1.87), and a procedural-metacognition correlation (r=0.74). All first-year residents exceeded the minimum expected level (Basic), and the majority of senior residents reached the mastery level foreseen for their training stage. Conclusions: The didactic conception proved to be an original, validated, and feasible construct, which allows the cross-sectional development of complex skills in curricular scenarios lacking specific spaces. This constitutes a significant contribution to postgraduate medical education. Keywords: Didactic; Conception; Skill; Diagnostic imaging; Family Medicine; Medical education.
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Wellness experiences for firefighters and paramedics after an aquatic fitness program
Objective: To analyze the experiences and perceptions of subjective well-being among firefighters and paramedics in the municipality of Emiliano Zapata, Morelos, Mexico, after their participation in an aquatic fitness program designed to strengthen their physical, mental, and socio-occupational health. Materials and methods: This was a qualitative study with a phenomenological design, in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with six firefighters and paramedics who completed the 16-week fitness program. Results: Latent content analysis allowed us to identify that this group of first responders works under highly demanding, stressful, precarious, and sedentary conditions. However, participation in the program generated a perception of well-being among the participants. In the physical dimension, they described improvements in endurance, flexibility, and speed, as well as a decrease in chronic pain. Regarding psychological well-being, the activity improved their mood, self-esteem, and motivation, allowing for a positive reconnection with their own bodies. The impact of the Aquatic Activity Program (AAP) on socio-occupational well-being resulted in improved group dynamics and a perceived improvement in operational performance. Conclusions: Aquatic physical activity is presented as an effective and rewarding strategy for strengthening the physical and mental health of participants, providing essential subjective resources to cope with the critical demands of their profession. Keywords: Physical conditioning; Health promotion; Paramedics.
Motivations and factors associated with the utilization of medical clinics adjacent to private pharmacies in Veracruz
Objective: To analyze the factors associated with the use of medical clinics adjacent to Similar Pharmacies (FS) and Savings Pharmacies (FA) in the municipality of Xalapa, Veracruz. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2025 using a questionnaire administered to 224 individuals selected through convenience sampling, who were treated at 42 CMAFs in the municipality of Xalapa selected at random. Descriptive analyses, bivariate analyses using the chi-square test, and logistic regression models were performed to identify factors associated with frequent use (once a week, twice a month). Results: In both pharmacies, more than half of the population treated were women (56.7%) between the ages of 18 and 39 (53.1%). 39.3% did not have medical insurance, and 38% were IMSS beneficiaries. Respiratory problems were the leading cause of consultation, and proximity was the main reason for seeking care at CMAFs (64.2%). Factors associated with frequent use were basic education (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.03–4.06; p = 0.040) and paying for care (OR = 4.14; 95% CI: 1.70–10.07; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The main reason for using CMAFs was their proximity, and they were frequently used by both people without social security coverage and IMSS beneficiaries. Factors associated with frequent use included having only a basic education and paying for care. Keywords: Private health institutions; Pharmacy; Doctor's office visit; Motivation; Mexico.
Depressive symptoms and alcohol and tobacco consumption in college students
Objective: To analyze the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol and tobacco use among young university students. Materials and Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted on a probabilistic sample of 320 university students of both sexes in the state of Tabasco. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The provisions of the Regulations of the General Health Law on Health Research were complied with. Results: The findings showed an overall prevalence of alcohol use at 81.3% and tobacco use at 31.6%; regarding the most common pattern of use, moderate alcohol use was the most prevalent (46.3%), and current tobacco use was the most prevalent (14.1%). The most frequent depressive symptom was mild depression (55.3%). Depressive symptoms showed a positive and significant correlation with alcohol consumption (AUDIT) (rs = .152, p <.05) and the types of dependent (rs = .179, p <.05) and harmful (rs = .182, p <.05) consumption; no significant association was found between depressive symptoms and types of tobacco use (p > .05). Conclusion: We hope to generate new research and interventions aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages and conventional cigarettes and to provide care for college students with depressive symptoms. key words: Depression; Alcohol Drinking; Tobacco use; College Students.
Factors associated with screen time: a binational study across the Mexico-US migration gradient
Objective: This study aimed to assess whether screen time differs across combined migration-obesity and migration-smoking profiles among Mexican-born non-migrants living in Mexico, Mexican-born immigrants residing in the United States, and U.S.-born individuals of Mexican origin. Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional comparison using two national databases. Multinomial regression models were used to assess differences in screen time across combined migration-obesity and migration-smoking profiles. The study population was classified into three groups: U.S.-born individuals of Mexican origin, Mexican-born migrants residing in the United States, and Mexican-born non-migrants residing in Mexico. Results: Migration status was significantly associated with screen time, with significant associations involving smoking and obesity. In adjusted analyses, U.S.-born individuals of Mexican origin who reported tobacco use or obesity had the highest Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio (ARRR) for spending more than 4 hours per day on screen time compared to the reference < 2 hours per day. Mexican immigrants in the U.S. Additionally, Mexican immigrants in the U.S. showed increased risks of obesity and smoking, along with higher screen time (> 4 vs. < 2hours/day), compared to non-migrants residing in Mexico. Conclusions: This cross-sectional binational study highlights that migrant populations exhibit higher screen time combined with risk factors such as obesity and smoking. This profile reflects a risky pattern for Mexican populations migrating to the U.S., highlighting the need for binational public health strategies that address lifestyle impacts in the migration process. Keywords: Sedentary behavior; Smoking; Obesity; Migration.
Knowledge about oral cancer among dental interns at a Peruvian university
Objective: To determine the level of knowledge about oral cancer among stomatology interns at a Peruvian university. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study with a cross-sectional design was developed in 151 inmates who completed their hospital internship between 2020 and 2022. A previously validated instrument of 24 items was used, organized into four thematic areas: epidemiological aspects, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic alternatives and preventive measures. Each correct answer received one point, while incorrect answers received zero points. The total score allowed the knowledge to be classified as low, intermediate and high. The data were processed using descriptive statistics (absolute frequencies and percentages). To analyze the association between the period of hospital stay and the level of knowledge about oral cancer, Pearson's Chi-square test was used. Results: 81.5% of the inmates had an intermediate level of knowledge about oral cancer, while 13.9% showed a low level and only 4.6% reached a high level. The greatest weaknesses were identified in the treatment dimension and in certain aspects of epidemiology and diagnosis. Pearson's Chi-square test did not show a statistically significant association between the period of hospitalization and the level of knowledge about oral cancer (χ² = 5.84; df = 4; p = 0.212). Conclusion: The results suggest the need to strengthen clinical training during the internship period, particularly in the early identification of suspicious lesions, the recognition of associated factors, and the initial clinical approach to oral cancer. Keywords: Oral cancer; Knowledge; Stomatology.
Brief family intervention strategy in Mexican adolescents with self-harm in primary health
Objective: To evaluate the effect of a family intervention on self-harming behaviors and family functioning in adolescents from a secondary school in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest single-group study, nested within an initial cross-sectional diagnostic phase, was conducted between May 2024 and June 2025 at Comprehensive Educational Center No. 1 in Villahermosa, Tabasco. A probabilistic sample of 200 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years participated. The Self-Harm Questionnaire (SHQ) and the FF-SIL were administered after obtaining informed consent. Of the 39 adolescents identified with self-harm, 28 participated with their families in six group intervention sessions with a systemic approach and cognitive-behavioral techniques. Analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-squared test, and Student's t-test (p≤0.05). Results: The prevalence of self-harm was 19.5% and that of family dysfunction was 24.5%, with a significant association between them (χ²=22.556; p<0.001). After the intervention, family functioning improved from 39.32 to 52.71 points (t=6.863; p<0.001), and self-harming behaviors decreased from 2.64 to 1.36 points on the SHQ (t=-10.329; p<0.001). Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between self-harm and family dysfunction in adolescents. A brief family intervention, implemented in the school setting with a systemic approach, improves family functioning and reduces self-harming behaviors. This strategy represents a viable, low-cost alternative for primary care and school health services. Keywords: Self-harm; Adolescents; Family relationships; Health services; Innovation in management.
It is time to improve cigarette package health warning labels in Mexico
Mexico has been a leader in tobacco control; however, 15.5% of Mexican adults still smoke, and although most wish to quit, nicotine dependence and the tobacco industry’s constant innovations make this difficult. Health warnings with images on cigarette packets have succeeded in raising awareness of the harms of tobacco and encouraging cessation behaviours, but information on risks alone is insufficient to help smokers quit. Against this backdrop, it is proposed to strengthen Mexico’s labelling policy by incorporating ‘efficacy messages’ that highlight the benefits of quitting smoking and offer practical advice on how to do so. Health communication theories and empirical evidence indicate that these messages complement risk-based warnings, helping smokers to turn motivation into concrete action. The experience of Canada (the only country with an established policy of efficacy messages inside cigarette packets) shows that those who read them have greater self-efficacy to quit smoking, make more attempts to quit, and maintain abstinence more successfully. Experimental studies also confirm that these messages increase motivation and behaviours aimed at quitting smoking. For Mexico, this strategy represents a scalable, low-cost opportunity that can be implemented through inserts in cigarette packets or within the text area already required on packaging, with the potential to reduce the health inequalities associated with smoking and lessen its burden of disease. Keywords: tobacco control; smoking cessation; drug labeling; health communication
From manufacturing to resale: the impact of global disruption on Mexican pharmaceutical industry (2020-2025)
Objective: To evaluate trade fluctuations, import volumes of critical medical supplies, and the decline of local pharmaceutical manufacturing in Mexico during the 2020-2025 period through analysis of official customs and economic repositories. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive study was conducted based on an iterative analytical reasoning process. Official repositories were consulted: UN Comtrade, BCMM-INEGI, Data México, ENIFARM, DENUE, and EMIM. Inclusion criteria were applied based on institutional provenance, temporal continuity, and granularity of tariff categorical variables (HS and SCIAN). Values were deflated using the INPC to obtain constant prices, and the Real Annual Variation Rate was calculated. Results: Vaccine imports (HS 300220) from the United States grew 6.57% in value and 51.60% in physical volume between 2022 and 2024, with a reduction in the implicit unit price. Exports to France and the European Union fell between 48.83% and 49.30% between 2023 and 2024. The industry imported 205,412 million pesos in medicines for resale without transformation (2019-2022). Corporations with R&D activities contracted 16.5% between 2021 and 2022. Conclusions: Mexico presents a structural pharmaceutical trade deficit that was consolidated following the 2020 health disruption. The industry shifted toward importation for direct resale, with contraction of local manufacturing and the research and technological development ecosystem. Keywords: Economics, Pharmaceutical; Drug Industry; Commerce; Vaccines; Mexico.
Social networks, body perception, and nutrition quality in nursing students
Objective: To evaluate the interaction between social media use, body perception, and diet quality in nursing students. Materials and methods: This analytical and cross-sectional study selected 110 nursing students, calculated from a population of 154, with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Body mass index (BMI) was assessed using anthropometric techniques, and validated instruments were used to measure diet quality (DQI) and social media addiction (SNA). A body perception questionnaire was also included. Ethical principles were followed, and informed consent was obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.27, using chi-square tests and Spearman's correlation with a p < 0.05. Results: The average BMI was 24.45 kg/m², but the students perceived a lower BMI (22.65 kg/m²), indicating body underestimation. 82.7% reported a diet that required changes. WhatsApp (99.1%) and TikTok (76.4%) were the most frequently used social media platforms. The actual daily average usage was 3.74 hours. 55.5% showed a moderate level of social media addiction. No significant relationship was found between diet quality and addiction index (p=0.63; Rho=-0.04). Conclusions: No significant relationship was found between social media use and dietary quality; habits depend on multiple factors. It is suggested to leverage social media for effective nutritional education. Keywords: Healthy eating; Social media; Body perception.
Perceived quality and satisfaction of medical care in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a qualitative study
Objective: To explore the perceived quality and satisfaction of medical care in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Materials and method: Qualitative, exploratory study. 14 cases of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a high-specialty hospital in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, were selected. Results: Requests for medical care from the hospital were postponed due to fear of contagion and fear of death; serious health status was the main reason for seeking care. Perceived quality and satisfaction were related to the work and attitude of nursing and support staff, reflected in actions such as positive interpersonal treatment, emotional support, communication, medication administration, and the execution of clinical procedures; additionally, the adequacy of material and human resources. Restoration of health, and positive assessment of the service encouraged future utilization of the hospital’s healthcare services. Conclusions: Perceived quality and satisfaction of medical care encompass affective components focused on alleviating suffering and restoring health, as well as cognitive components related to establishment of evaluative criteria regarding healthcare services. Keywords: Quality of Health Care; Patient Satisfaction; COVID-19; Hospitalization; Qualitative Research.
Self-managed learning experiences of clinical nursing tutors during online training
Objective. Understanding the self-directed learning experiences of clinical instructors during online training. Materials and methods. Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach of descriptive scope. The sample was purposive, consisting of eight clinical tutors recently enrolled in the Single Program of Nursing Specializations (PUEE) from the metropolitan and surrounding areas, specializing in Neonatology, Critical Care Adult Care, Cardiovascular Care, Perinatal Care, Nephrology, and Mental Health, who had completed online training. A focus group script was designed and sent to expert judges who validated its relevance and clarity. The script consisted of eight questions. The focus group was conducted on a digital platform and lasted two hours. Results. The thematic analysis identified four dimensions: cognitive, where time management emerged as a critical limitation; intellectual, confirming the effectiveness of online training within clinical tutoring; value-based, identifying a significant tension between motivation for training and workload; and socio-affective, observing that attitudes and disciplinary identity influence academic persistence. Categories and subcategories were also identified, such as "off-hours training," and the following code was presented: "We have to make adjustments to the schedules to hold the established classes, and we try to accommodate them so that classes can be held and courses taken." (Green). Conclusion. Online training promotes self-directed learning, as it offers suitable educational resources for clinical tutors. Self-directed learning is a critical area of opportunity, especially in its socio-affective and emotional aspects. Key words: Mentor; Self-learning; Distance learning.
Effectiveness of a social marketing strategy aimed at people with excess body fat
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a social marketing strategy targeting individuals with excess body fat in enrolling in and completing the comprehensive SIN MEDIDA program. Materials and methods: A mixed research was carried out, with descriptive and cross-sectional scope carried out in two phases, the first without and the second with social marketing strategies. Results: In the first phase of thirteen locations visited, only 66 people expressed interest, and eleven completed the program, achieving a completion rate of 16.7%. These participants primarily came from the Municipal Institute of Physical Culture and Sports and the Faculty of Behavioral Sciences (FACICO). In the second phase, when the SIN MEDIDA social marketing campaign was launched, the completion rate increased to 43.1%, mainly from individuals who learned about the program through FACICO's Facebook page and via institutional email. There was a statistically significant difference between phases one and two, indicating that SIN MEDIDA's social marketing strategies were effective (χ² = 10.46; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Implementing social marketing strategies makes health programs visible on social networks. With half of the spaces visited, almost the same number of participants who started the intervention was achieved, but the number of people who completed the program doubled. This represents an opportunity to save time and effort in finding participants for primary care interventions. Keywords: Social Marketing; Obesity; Primary Health Care.
Paid work, chronic diseases, and consumption behaviors among older adults, Mexico 2021
Objective: To analyze the associations between sex, age groups, selected chronic diseases, and consumption behaviors among older adults engaged in paid work in Mexico in 2021. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study was conducted using data from the 2021 wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Weighted frequencies of diabetes, heart conditions, cancer, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use were estimated among older adults engaged in paid work. Subsequently, a Multiple Correspondence Analysis was applied to identify proximities between sociodemographic categories, selected chronic diseases, and consumption behaviors. Results: In 2021 approximately 5.3 million older adults in Mexico were engaged in paid work. Within this population, the highest estimated frequencies correspond to alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and the presence of diabetes. The Multiple Correspondence Analysis identified two main associations: on the one hand, the proximity between men engaged in paid work, the 60–64 age group, and alcohol and tobacco consumption; on the other hand, the proximity between women engaged in paid work and the presence of diabetes. These findings represent descriptive associations between categories, within the cross-sectional and exploratory scope of the study. Conclusions: The findings show that older adults engaged in paid work constitute a heterogeneous population in terms of specific chronic diseases and consumption behaviors. The identification of differentiated associations by sex and age may contribute to the design of prevention and care strategies targeted at this population group. Keywords: Paid work; Aging; Chronic diseases; Alcohol consumption; Tobacco use.
Sergio Cuauhtémoc Gaxiola Robles Linares
Empathy in professionals at the first level of health care. Havana, 2025
Objective: To identify the level of empathy among healthcare professionals at the primary care level in Havana province. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was conducted to measure the level of empathy among professionals at polyclinics in the municipalities of Marianao, Centro Habana, and Arroyo Naranjo in Havana, from January 2025 to June 2025. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, validated in the Cuban context, was used. Participants were characterized according to sociodemographic variables and their overall empathy levels, as well as their cognitive and affective dimensions. Results: The research revealed that 40.6% of the professionals studied received an overall rating of "Poor," only 21.8% received an excellent rating, and 19.8% received a "Good" rating. Analysis of the empathy dimensions showed that for the cognitive dimension, 28.7% of respondents scored between excellent and good (21.8%), but it should be noted that 30.7% scored "Poor." For the affective dimension, the highest percentage was rated as "Poor" in the components of Compassionate Care and Empathy, with 49.5% and 42.6% respectively. Conclusions: The application of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy to healthcare professionals in Havana showed unsatisfactory empathy results. Identifying the level of empathy is novel in the Cuban context and has high social relevance, providing valuable data for improving clinical practice and implementing training interventions for healthcare professionals. Keywords: Empathy; Professionals; Health.
Evaluation of the campaign “if you use drugs, you harm yourself”: conalep case
Objective: This article presents a diagnostic evaluation of the knowledge, perceptions, and skills of upper secondary students from the CONALEP system in Nuevo León, Mexico, within the framework of the national campaign “If You Do Drugs, You Damage Yourself.” The study aims to identify students’ competencies in audiovisual production and preventive communication as part of a broader educational and public health strategy. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional methodology was used. A non- probabilistic sample of students and teachers was surveyed using a diagnostic instrument designed to assess variables such as knowledge of psychoactive substances, prior experience in prevention campaigns, communication skills, video editing, graphic design, and use of social media for preventive messaging. Results: The results indicate that most students have limited or partial knowledge of the consequences of drug use and little prior involvement in preventive initiatives. Moreover, there are significant gaps in the technical skills required to make audiovisual content and in the strategic use of digital platforms for awareness- raising. A large proportion of participants expressed a strong need for training in audiovisual production, digital communication strategies, and substance abuse prevention. Conclusions: The conclusions highlight the importance of integrating training programs that strengthen media literacy, preventive communication, and youth participation in public health ampaigns. The article proposes educational strategies that incorporate digital competencies, communication tools, and preventive content into the school environment, aiming to foster a culture of self-care and reduce risk behaviors among adolescents. This study contributes to the field of health promotion and public education by offering empirical evidence to support the design of more effective drug prevention campaigns for youth populations, particularly in school and community settings. Keywords: Health Promotion; Substance-Related Disorders; Health Education; Social Media; Students.
Loneliness and life satisfaction in institutionalized older adults
Objective: To examine, within a group of older adults, the relationship between the frequency of visits received, the length of stay in the institution, and the levels of loneliness and life satisfaction. Material and Methods: A quantitative approach was adopted, employing a correlational study with a cross-sectional design. A non-probabilistic sampling method was used to study 25 elderly residents of a care facility in Carmona (Seville, Span). Data collection included interviews, review of social records, the Life Satisfaction Scale, and a version of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. Results: Findings indicated moderate levels of both loneliness and life satisfaction. Loneliness was inversely correlated with the duration of institutionalization. No significant relationship was found between the number of visits received and perceived loneliness; however, a positive association was observed between the frequency of maintained contacts and the level of life satisfaction. Conclusion: The study concluded that family support did not show a clear influence on levels of loneliness or life satisfaction. These results underscore the need for further research on this topic and the importance of considering other determinants of well-being, such as relationships with healthcare staff and interactions with other residents. Keywords: Life satisfaction; Loneliness; Institutionalization; Social support.
Sociodemographic factors associated with quality of life in Mexican older adults with type 2 diabetes
Objective: To evaluate the sociodemographic factors associated with quality of life in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: This is an analytical and cross-sectional study in 251 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) who are users of three day care centers for the elderly in Hidalgo, Mexico. Sociodemographic characteristics were obtained with a general data questionnaire. The WHOQOL-BREF instrument was used to assess Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in four domains. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios, adjusted for confounding variables. Results: The dimensions with the highest proportion of deficient HRQoL were psychological health (20.7%) and physical health (19.1%). Older adults, with low education, without a partner or who lived alone, and those who had two or more comorbidities showed a higher probability of deficient HRQoL. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of older adults with T2D have deficient HRQoL, particularly in the physical and psychological areas. Sociodemographic factors such as advanced age, low educational level, and living alone have a negative influence on HRQoL. These results consolidate the importance of implementing comprehensive interventions that address both clinical and social factors in the care of this population. Keywords: Aged; Social factors; Quality of life.
Edith Araceli Edith Araceli Canon Estrada
Altruism, gender and biosecurity in blood donation in Oaxaca
Objective: To estimate and analyze gender differences in altruistic blood donation and in the biosafety of the donation process among donors attended at the State Blood Transfusion Center (CETS) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with a mixed approach. The demographic distribution of altruistic donation, the characteristics of altruism by gender, the causes of rejection prior to donation and subsequent self-exclusion were evaluated. Records from the CETS Oaxaca from 2006 to 2021 (n=118,153) were reviewed and 88 semi-structured interviews were conducted with donors between 2022 and 2023. Results: One in five blood donors at CETS Oaxaca is a woman (20.2 %), yet women are 52 % more likely to be altruistic donors. Pre-donation deferral based on interview, physical examination, and blood screening was higher among women than among men (7.4 % vs. 4.5 %). Among deferral causes, inadequate hematological values were more frequent in women, whereas preexisting conditions, risk practices, and the biosafety category showed higher proportions in men. Post-donation self-exclusion was below 1 % in both sexes and tended to be slightly higher in replacement donation than in altruistic donation. Conclusions: Important differences were identified between men and women in both motivations for altruistic blood donation and key biosafety indicators of the donation process. These findings provide elements to strengthen donor recruitment and selection strategies, as well as to improve transfusion safety and the health of women and the general population. Keywords: Blood donation; Altruism; Blood safety.
Educational initiative with primary school children to increase their perception of pesticide risk
Objective: Exposure to pesticides is a significant health risk factor for occupationally exposed populations, their families, and those residing in areas near agricultural fields. The objective of this educational initiative was to increase the knowledge and risk perception of schoolchildren at a primary school located in a town dedicated to the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants, in order to encourage the adoption of environmental hygiene habits that reduce pesticide exposure. Materials and methods: Between April and June 2024, an educational initiative consisting of 5 sessions was conducted, based on elements of popular education, child-to-child methodology, and meaningful learning. 53 fifth- and sixth-grade primary school students participated. Mixed methods (knowledge questionnaire and focus groups) were used to explore the students' knowledge, risk perception, and hygiene practices before (pre) and after (post) the intervention. Results: After the intervention, a significant increase in knowledge about pesticide uses (56.13%pre vs 96.23%post, p <0.01), exposure routes (dermal: 30.19%pre vs 69.81%post, p <0.005; inhalation 54.72%pre vs 73.58%post, p <0.005), perception of health risks (54.72%pre vs 92.45%post, p <0.001) and identification of storage places (50.94%pre vs 75.47%post, p 0.007). The didactic methodologies used encouraged the participation, motivation and interest of the students in the topics reviewed. Conclusions: Meaningful learning strategies increase risk perception and promote practices that reduce pesticide exposure. However, periodic interventions are required to achieve sustainable changes in the medium and long term. Keywords: Pesticides; Health risks; Schoolchildren.
Regional patterns and associated factors of self-medication in Peru: analysis of a national survey
Objective. To assess the factors associated with self-medication across Peru’s macroregions using data from the National Health User Satisfaction Survey 2016 (ENSUSALUD 2016). Materials and methods. To assess the factors associated with self-medication across Peru’s macroregions using data from the National Health User Satisfaction Survey 2016 (ENSUSALUD 2016). Results. Self-medication was most frequent in the Eastern macroregion (82.3%). In the Northern macroregion, lower prevalence was associated with having secondary (aPR: 0.83) or higher education (aPR: 0.80), affiliation with the Comprehensive Health Insurance (aPR: 0.85) or EsSalud (aPR: 0.86), purchasing antibiotics (aPR: 0.80) and knowledge of the duration of the treatment (aPR: 0.52-0.54). Higher prevalence of self-medication was associated with having private insurance (aPR: 1.21), being convalescent, retired or a domestic worker (aPR: 1.91), and knowledge of drug dosage (aPR: 4.50-4.78). Conclusions. Regional variations were identified across the Central, Southern, Eastern and Lima Metropolitana macroregions, associated with sociodemographic and knowledge differences. These findings highlight the need to implement region-specific interventions to promote safe and rational medicine use. Keywords: Self-medication; Associated factors; Prescription; Peru; Antibiotics
Brief interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in college students: A systematic review
Objective: To review the effectiveness of brief interventions specifically implemented in university students for reducing alcohol consumption. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA statement, with PROSPERO 420261353502 record. We searched for original articles published between 2014 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and APA PsycNet. Given the methodological heterogeneity and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis of the findings was made. Results: A total of 14 studies were included. Most (n=12) demonstrated consistent effects in reducing the number of drinks and frequency of drinking days, as well as associated negative consequences. The number of sessions ranged from one to seven, and most interventions incorporated personalized feedback. However, some studies (n=2) found no differences between conditions, attributable to assessment reactivity, low statistical power, and lack of personalization. Conclusions: Brief interventions are an effective strategy for reducing alcohol consumption levels among university students. The evidence supports the use of motivational approaches and flexible delivery modalities. Key words: Young adults; Alcohol consumption; Alcohol use.
Assessment of the supply, storage and stability of donated medicines
Objective: To evaluate the quality of donation-based procurement and storage processes, as well as the stability of medicines in a medicine bank operated by a public social assistance institution. Materials and methods: This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design. Procurement and storage quality were assessed using checklists based on World Health Organization guidelines and Mexican Official Standard NOM-059-SSA1-2015. For the stability testing, two medicines were selected according to their inventory turnover: paracetamol 500 mg tablets and effervescent acetylsalicylic acid 300 mg tablets. Physical and chemical tests were performed in accordance with NOM-073-SSA1-2015 and the Mexican Pharmacopeia. Results: Supply obtained a compliance of 21% and storage of 18%, which indicates low compliance with the regulatory criteria considered. In the stability analysis, paracetamol complied with 50% of the tests carried out and acetylsalicylic acid complied with 46%. The main deficiencies were related to packaging conditioning, airtightness, resistance to rupture, moisture content, titration and dissolution. Conclusions: Deficiencies were identified in the supply and storage processes, as well as modifications in the stability of the drugs analyzed. These findings support the need to strengthen control and oversight mechanisms in drug redistribution systems to ensure safe access to treatments in vulnerable populations. Keywords: Drug dispensaries; Drug storage; Quality control; Drug stability, Health services.
Characterization of the hematological profile of patients with suspected dengue in a Mexican population
Objective: To analyze and compare the hematological profile of patients with positive and negative diagnoses for dengue. Materials and methods: Sixty-six samples from patients with febrile syndrome were retrospectively analyzed, classified according to molecular detection of the dengue virus, recorded in SPSS software version 25, applying measures of central tendency. Results: A mean of 37 years was found, the different viral variables of dengue were obtained, in terms of the hematological profile, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were found, showing a significance between patients with positive and negative tests. It was observed that the mean of positive patients was below the minimum limit of the normal range, in contrast to the group of negative patients. Conclusions: The clinical importance of determining the hematological profile in patients with dengue should be considered, since diagnostic confirmation alone does not guide comprehensive patient management to establish an adequate prognosis. The analysis of hematological profiles is of vital importance for decisions in clinical practice, given that hemodynamic values are altered during infection. Keywords: Dengue; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Hematology.
Overweight and obesity in rural areas of Mexico
Objective: To analyze the socioeconomic and health variables that determine the condition of excess weight in the inhabitants of rural Mexico. Materials and methods: Based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2018, the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the inhabitants was calculated and grouped by age to later estimate the multinomial logit models and marginal effects that would allow identifying which variables have impacted overweight and obesity. Results: In children, the age and education of the mother explained the probability of being both overweight and obese by 1%. In young people, overweight was explained by tobacco consumption (21%) and 11% by concern about gaining weight; while in obesity it was related in 6% to concern about weight gain. In adults, being overweight was associated with being a woman and depression; obesity was more likely in men. Finally, in older adults, overweight was more likely in women (12%) and obesity in men (18%), as well as depression (5%), not receiving government support (3%) and alcohol consumption (10%). Conclusions: The role of mothers has small but significant impacts on the excess weight of children and young people, the health conditions of rural households are related to the dynamics within the home, in terms of the decisions or strategies of food purchases made by those in charge of the household, depending on the number of members and available resources. Keywords: Body Weight; BMI- age; Rural areas.
Association of social pressure and drug use among Mexican young adults
Objective: To analyze the association between perceived social pressure and the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in young people. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 885 university students of both sexes, selected using probabilistic sampling, aged between 18 and 25 years. Data collection involved a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Perceived Social Pressure Questionnaire, and a screening instrument for involvement with the consumption of legal and illegal substances. Results: The young people reported higher alcohol consumption (78.4%), followed by marijuana use (18.1%). Regarding risk level, 19.4% presented moderate risk associated with alcohol use, 10.8% showed this level for tobacco use, and 5.9% for illegal drugs. Men reported higher scores on perceived social pressure (p<.05). Logistic regression models were significant for both legal and illegal substance use (p<.05). Conclusions: Perceived social pressure was associated with drug use among university students. Based on these results, it is suggested that prevention strategies be implemented focusing on strengthening coping skills in the face of social, family, and environmental situations that university students perceive as facilitating drug use. Key Words: Alcohol drinking, Tobacco Use, Young adult.
AI-powered assistant to manage stress and predict work engagement among healthcare students
Objective: To determine the relationship between students' perception of an AI assistant for stress management and the projected work commitment of final-year university students in the health field. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. Ninety final-year university students from a Peruvian university were selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The instrument was 8-item questionnaire organized into two dimensions: confidence in the AI assistant and reduction of academic stress, and projected work commitment. A 3-point Likert scale. Content validity was estimated with Aiken's V = 0.96 and reliability with Cronbach's alpha = 0.88. Analysis included descriptive statistics and Spearman's. Results: Between 70% and 73.3% of students reported that the AI assistant increased confidence in handling complex clinical situations and reduced the fear of making mistakes during supervised practice. In addition, 60% to 63.3% reported lower anxiety and cognitive overload. 76.7% expressed greater motivation to work in environments with technological support. A significant positive correlation was found between perceived support from the AI assistant and projected work commitment (rho = 0.63; p < 0.005). Conclusions: The AI assistant emerges as an academic and emotional support tool that helps manage stress and strengthens projected work commitment among university students in the health area. Keywords: Occupational Stress; Digital health; Health Occupations Students.
Sleep Quality, Emotional Exhaustion, and Academic Performance in Health Sciences Students
Objective: To analyze the association between sleep quality and academic performance in Health Sciences students, examining the mediating role of emotional fatigue in this relationship. Materials and Methods: This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, and analytical-correlational study. A total of 286 students (149 women and 137 men) from the Health Sciences Division of the Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo participated, with an average age of 22.56 years (SD ± 1.72). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Emotional Fatigue Scale, and the College Academic Performance Scale were applied. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlations, ANOVA, and a structural equation model. Results: 65.73% of the students reported sleeping between 4 and 6 hours per night. Poor sleep quality was positively and significantly associated with emotional fatigue (λ = 0.56), explaining 36.5% of its variability (R² = .365). Emotional exhaustion, in turn, was negatively related to academic performance (λ = -0.49), explaining 34.9% of its variance (R² = .349). The structural model showed an adequate fit (CFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.06). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality increases emotional fatigue and reduces academic performance in university students. Emotional exhaustion acts as a mediating variable in this relationship. It is recommended to implement institutional strategies to promote healthy sleep habits and effective management of academic stress. Keywords: Sleep quality; Academic performance; Emotional exhaustion; Students.
Social support and medication adherence in Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes
Objective: To analyze the relationship between social support and medication adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the outpatient department of a secondary care hospital in Mexico City between July 2024 and January 2025. The study included 264 adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who had received pharmacological treatment for at least 6 months. The Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey (MOS) was used to identify social support, and the 4-item Morisky-Green-Levine Questionnaire was used to assess medication adherence. Results: Overall, 37.5% of participants had low medication adherence. After adjusting for confounders, individuals with low overall social support were more likely to be nonadherent to their medication (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.57–4.77). Specifically, significant associations were identified between nonadherence and low levels of instrumental support (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.00–2.91), positive social interaction (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.10–3.16), and affective support (aOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.07–3.05). In the sex-stratified analysis, the magnitude of the association was stronger in women (aOR = 5.23; 95% CI: 1.92–14.19) than in men (aOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.03–4.24). Conclusion: Insufficient social support was associated with lower medication adherence, especially in women. Incorporating strategies that strengthen social support could improve treatment efficacy in T2D. Keywords: Social support; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Medication adherence.
Intoxicación por barbitúricos, una mirada toxicológica.
Introducción: Los barbitúricos son depresores no selectivos del sistema nervioso central desplazados como hipnosedantes por el mejor índice riesgo- beneficio de las benzodiacepinas. En la actualidad sus principales usos son en la anestesia y para el tratamiento de la epilepsia. Su consumo con fines suicidas continúa, y debido a lo inespecífico del inicio de su sintomatología, las intoxicaciones pueden resultar fatales. Objetivos: Actualizar los conocimientos acerca de las características desde el punto de vista toxicológico de las intoxicaciones por barbitúricos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio donde se aplicó el método cualitativo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica y documental sobre el tema en fuentes de datos digitales. Se usaron los descriptores DeCs-MeSH: intoxicaciones, barbitúricos, tratamientos, hemoperfusión, toxicología. Se revisaron artículos publicados sobre el tema, a través de los buscadores habituales (Google, PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo, entre otros), teniendo en cuenta la calidad y la actualidad de ellos. Resultados: Tanto las dosis tóxicas como el comportamiento toxicocinético de estos fármacos son variables y dependen sobre todo del grupo al cual pertenezcan. Las intoxicaciones más frecuenten están relacionadas con los barbitúricos de acción prolongada. Debido a su alta liposolubilidad, los de acción ultracorta, pueden quedar acumulados en el tejido adiposo y al movilizarse estas reservas pueden ser fuente de toxicidad. Aunque no son comunes también hay que tener en cuenta la posible existencia de metabolitos activos. Conclusiones: Estos son fármacos en desuso debido a su estrecho margen terapéutico, la elevada dependencia y posterior tolerancia que provoca un aumento potencial de su toxicidad. Aun así, acompañados de una debida monitorización, pueden emplearse en situaciones concretas. Desafortunadamente todavía se producen numerosas muertes por sobredosis accidentales o con fines suicidas.